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Psych Chap. 5
Psychology Exam for Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another |
| Stimulus | Any Event or object in the environment to which an organism responds. |
| Unconditioned Response | (UR)A response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | (US)A stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning. |
| Give An Example of an Unconditioned Stimulus and Response | From Book PG. 147: Unconditioned Reflexes: US: Food UR: Salavation US: Loud Noise UR: Startle US: light in eye UR: Contraction in Pupil US: puff of air in eye UR: eye blink response |
| Conditioned Stimulus | (CS)A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response. |
| Conditioned Stimulus | A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response. |
| Conditioned Response | (CR) The learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| High-Order Conditioning | Conditioning that occurs when conditioned stimuli are linked together to Form a series of Signals. |
| Conditioned Response | (CR) The learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| High-Order Conditioning | Conditioning that occurs when conditioned stimuli are linked together to Form a series of Signals. |
| Extinction | In Classical Conditioning, the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus w/o the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Spontaneous recovery | The reappearance of an extinguished response (in weaker form) when an organism is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period. |
| Generalization | In classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. |
| Discrimination | The learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli. |
| Biological Predispositions | Genetically programmed tendencies to acquire classically conditioned fear responses to potentially life-threatening stimuli |
| Taste Variation | The intense dislike and/or avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with nausea or discomfort. |
| Law of Effect | One of Thorndike's laws of learning, which states that the consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened. |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response. |
| Operant | A voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about on consequence. |
| reinforcer | Anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that will occur. |
| Reinforcement | Any even that follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated. |
| Positive Reinforcement | Any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated. |
| Negative reinforcement | The termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated. |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response. |
| Operant | A voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about on consequence. |
| reinforcer | Anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that will occur. |
| Reinforcement | Any even that follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated. |
| Positive Reinforcement | Any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated. |
| Negative reinforcement | The termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated. |
| Primary Reinforcer | is one that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning. |
| Secondary Reinforcer | A reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcer's |
| Schedule of reinforcement | A systematic process for administering reinforcement |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct non-reinforcement responses |
| Variable-ratio Schedule | A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a varying number of non-reinforced responses, based on a average ratio |
| Partial reinforcement effect | The typical outcome of a variable ratio of reinforcement in which a slow rate of initial learning is coupled with resistance to extinction. |
| Fixed- Interval Schedule | A schedule in which a reinforcer is given following the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed. |
| Variable Interval Schedule | A schedule in which a reinforcer is given after the first correct response that follow a varying time of non-reinforcement based on an average time. |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal. |
| Skinner Box | A soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food to an animal subject; used in operant conditioning experiments. |
| Successive Approximations | A series of gradual steps, each of which is more similar to the final desired response |
| Extinction | In operant conditioning, the weakening and eventual disappearance of conditioned response as a result of the withholding of reinforcement |
| Generalization | In operant conditioning, the tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was originally reinforced. |
| Discriminative Stimulus | A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored or punished. |
| Punishment | The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response. |
| Positive Punishment | A decrease in behavior that results from an added consequence. |
| Negative Punishment | A decrease in behavior that results from a removed consequence. |
| Avoidance Learning | Learning to avoid events or conditions associated with aversive consequences or phobias. |
| Learned helplessness | A passive resignation to aversive conditions that is learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable aversive events. |
| Biofeedback | The use of sensitive equipment to give people precise feedback about internal physiological processes so that they can learn, with practice, to exercise control over them. |
| Behavior modification | A method of changing behavior through a systematic program based on the learning principles of classical conditioning, or observational learning. |
| Token economy | A program that motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with token that can be exchanged for desired item or privileges. |
| Cognitive Processes | Mental processes such as thinking, knowing, problem solving, remembering, and forming mental representations. |
| Insight | The sudden Realization of the relationship between elements in a problem situation, which makes the solution apparent. |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is no demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so. |
| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of a spatial arrangement such as a maze |
| Observational learning (Social- cognitive learning) | Learning by observing the behavior or others and the consequences of that behavior; learning by imitation. |
| Model | The individual who demonstrates a behavior or whose behavior is imitated |
| Modeling Effect | Learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses. |
| Facilitation Effect | Exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by a model in an unfamiliar situation. |
| Inhibitory Effect | Suppressing a behavior because a model is punished for displaying the behavior |
| Disinhibitory Effect | Displaying a previously suppressed behavior because a model does so without receiving punishment. |
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