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SHS 375 Exam1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 major goals of Scientific Endeavors | description, prediction, explanation |
| Applied Research | tries to solve a specific problem with practical consequences |
| Basic Research | directed toward the development of knowledge, with no immediate practical goal |
| The method of science | 1. collect data, 2. look for relationships among data, 3. Generate a theory or hypothesis, 4. Test hypothesis, 5. Generate new hypothesis and repeat 2-4 |
| Criteria for evaluation of a theory | terms must be operationally defined, theory must be parsimonious, inclusive, and verifiable |
| Two tools to create data | spectrograph and pattern playback |
| Caveat | the worst piece of equipment determines the best possible outcome |
| Analog signals | speech sounds, musical tones, displacement of middle ear bones; continuous in time and in amplitude; exists at every moment |
| Digital signal | discrete time signal; only exists at discrete points, not continuously; exists at given moments |
| Two main operations in digitization | sampling and quantization |
| Two operations before sampling and quantization | pre-emphasis filter and presampling (low-pass) filter |
| Pre-emphasis filter | basically boosts higher frequencies |
| Presampling filter | rejects energy above the highest frequency of interest |
| Acceptable sampling rate | Nyquist theory-number of samples needed is twice the highest frequency of interest |
| Aliasing | happens when higher frequencies appear as "fake" lower frequencies; due to undersampling and lack of low-pass filtering |
| How to avoid aliasing | determine the highest frequency of interest, filter the energy above the highest frequency of interest, and sample the signal at a rate that is at least twice as high as the highest frequency of interest |
| Quantization | converts the amplitude or energy level of the samples; measured in bits |
| Bit level formula | 2 to the nth power where n is bits |
| Time Waveform | presents amplitude of the signal as a function of time; amplitude is on Y axis, time is on X axis |
| Frequency | the number of times an object (such as an air molecule) vibrates through a complete cycle per second; measured in Hertz; frequency-1/time in seconds |
| Spectrum | presents the amplitude of the signal as a function of frequency (amplitude on Y axis, frequency on X axis); creates a display of the frequency composition of a signal at a point in time |
| Two main types of spectra used in speech analysis | FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and LPC (Linear Predictive Coding) |
| FFT | decomposes a signal into its frequency components; amplitude on Y axis, frequency of X axis; line represents frequency components and their amplitudes |
| LPC | method that attempts to predict upcoming speech samples based on weighted sum of previous samples; amplitude on Y axis, frequency on X axis; line represents estimated spectral peaks and their amplitudes |
| Spectrogram | sounds are analyzed in a three dimensional pattern of time (horizontal axis), frequency (vertical axis), and amplitude (coded by different colors or shades of gray); has time domain and shows changes over time |
| Two types of Spectrograms | Narrow-band and wide-band |
| Narrow-Band Spectrogram | detailed frequency resolution; good for looking at pitch changes and harmonic structure (horizontal stripes); analysis bandwidth (window) has to be narrower than the distance in frequency between the harmonics of the voicing source |
| Wide-Band Spectrograms | span over wider range of frequencies; vertical striations indicate glottal pulses (vertical striations); good for looking at resonances; analysis bandwidth has to be larger than the distance in frequency between the harmonics of the voicing source |
| Three systems of speech production | respiratory, laryngeal, supralaryngeal |
| Respiratory System | air source (power); serves as "air pump" |
| Laryngeal System | sound source (vocal cord vibration) |
| Supralaryngeal | sound filter (above the larynx) |
| Parts of respiratory system | trachea, lungs, rib cage, abdomen (plus passageways through which air travels) |
| Egressive | associated with air flowing out; expiration |
| Ingressive | associated with inflowing air; inhalation |
| Vocal Tract | includes air filled areas of the pharynx, mouth and nose; when organs in vocal tract move, shape of vocal tract is altered, form various sounds |
| Parts of the Laryngeal system | between the trachea and the hyoid bone (the latter is part of the larynx) |
| Vocal folds | paired folds that meet to close the glottis; each consists of muscle (thyroarytenoid) and vocal ligament; can be adducted or abducted |
| Glottis | space between vocal folds |
| Glottal cycle | constitutes of opening and closing of the glottis; happens as vocal folds vibrate |
| Factors that determine the Glottal Cycle | 1. mechanical coupling stiffness 2. stiffness 3. mass 4. viscous forces 5. Bernoulli force |
| Mechanical coupling stiffness | strength of the connection between upper and lower portions of the mucosal cover |
| Stiffness | degree of the longitudinal tension of the vocalis muscle |
| Mass | thickness of the vocalis muscle |
| Viscous Forces | dissipation of force applied to tissue |
| Bernoulli Force | drop in pressure at medial edge of vocal folds |
| Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) | from posterior surface of cricoid cartilage to muscular processes of the arytenoids; only intrinsic laryngeal muscle whose contraction abducts the vocal folds |
| Interarytenoid Muscles (IA) | transverse arytenoids (TA) and oblique arytenoids (OA) |
| Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA) | laterally, from superior border of arch of cricoid cartilage to muscular process of arytenoids; adductor-closes and tenses vocal folds |
| Cricothyroid (CT) | pulls thyroid forward and elevates arch of cricoid-regulates pitch by tensing or lengthening the vocal folds |
| Pitch fall at end of utterance | sternohyoid-pulls hyoid down; active mechanism for pitch lowering and cricothyroid-relaxes;passive mechanism for pitch fall |
| Supralaryngeal System | above the larynx (pharynx, oral and nasal cavities) |
| Pharynx | musculomembranous tube |
| Oral Radiation of Sound | through the oral cavity (not nasalized) |
| Nasal Radiation of Sound | through the nasal cavity |
| Articulator | the tongue |
| Functional Parts of the Tongue | body of the tongue-bulk/mass, tip of the tongue, blade-behind the tip, dorsum-back, root-behind dorsal region |
| Laryngeal Output | glottal buzz is caused by vocal fold vibration; periodic |
| Avg male f0 | 123 Hz |
| Avg female f0 | 211 Hz |
| Avg 5 yr old male | 252 Hz |
| Avg 5 yr old female | 247 Hz |
| Infant cry:nondistressed | 317-342 Hz |
| Infant cry:startle | 442 Hz |
| Infant cry:pain | 442 Hz |
| Infant cry:hunger | 442 Hz |
| Alaryngeal f0:male | 65 Hz |
| Alaryngeal f0:female | 87 Hz |
| Harmonics | multiple integers of the fundamental frequency (Ex: f0=100 Hz, second harmonic=200 Hz, third=300 Hz) |
Created by:
tpatten
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