Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
CV-McCance
Ch 30
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| intermittent claudication | obstructive blood flow in iliofemoral vessels causing pain when ambulate |
| Buerger Disease | inflammatory peripheral artery disease, male smokers. pain and tenderness, rubor cyanosis,thin shiny skin-no hair. Gangrene possible |
| arteriosclerosis | hardening & thickening of arteries |
| atherosclerosis | arteriosclerosis with plaque formation |
| cytokines | tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin-1; proinflammatory. released by foam cells. |
| foam cell | macrophage filled with oxidized LDL |
| fatty streak | accumulation of foam cells, begin in youth |
| fibrous plaque | smooth muscle proliferation over fatty streak, from cytokines-may calcify and protrude into vessel-cause obstruction=angina or intermittent claudication |
| complicated plaque | ruptured plaque, cause thrombus formation=ischemia(unstable angina) or infarction |
| ischemia | diminished blood supply to coronary ateries, myocardium is alive but not functioning normally, lead to infarction if persist. |
| infarction | occlusion of coronary artery, irreversible myocardium damage |
| nonmodifiable, conventional risk factors for CAD | male, women after menopause, family history, advanced age. |
| modifiable conventional risk factors | hyperlipidemia, htn, smoking, diabetes-insulin resistance, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, atherogenic diet |
| chylomicrons | dietary fat particles in small intestine; triglycerides |
| desirable lipid profile | cholesterol <200, LDL < 100, HDL >60, triglycerides <150. |
| secondary causes of dyslipidemia | diabetes, hypothyroidism, pancreatitis, renal nephrosis; betablockers, glucocorticoids, interferons, antiretrovirals |
| HDL protecting role | (HDL-2)reverse cholesterol transporter to liver so that excess cholesterol can be eliminated as bile or converted to cholesterol containing steroids. repairs endothelium and decreases thrombosis. |
| what can increase HDL | exercise, wt loss, fish oil, moderate alcohol, niacins, fibrates, statins. |
| hyperhomocysteinemia | lack of enzyme to break down homocysteine or nutritional deficit of folate, B12, B6 |
| causes of plaque disruption | shear force, inflammation with release of inflammatory mediators, macrophage-derived degradative enzyme release, apoptosis of cells at edge of lesion. |
| vasoconstrictors | thromboxane A2, endothelin |
| Angiotensin II | released during ischemia; increase myocardial workload. cause release of catecholamine and spasm |
| myocardial stunning | temporary loss of contractile function |
| hibernating myocardium | persistent ischemia, adaptation to prolong myocyte survival |
| myocardial remodeling | hypertrophy and loss of contractile function mediated by angiontensin II, aldosterone, catecholamines, adenosine, cytokines--can be limited by rapid reperfusion, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers after MI. |
| acute pericarditis | coxsackievirus, influenza, hepatitis, measles, mumps, varicella, HIV. fever, myalgia, malaise and sudden onset of chest pain worsen with respirations & lying down. pericardia friction rub-ST segment elevation that is concave without Q wave |
| serosanguineous pericardia effusion | TB, neoplasm, uremia, radiation |
| frank blood pericardia | aneurysm, trauma, coag defects. |
| chyle pericardia effusion | cholesterol pericarditis |
| Cardiac tamponade | r-sided heart failure sx. JVD, edema, hepatomegaly. dyspnea, pulsus paradoxus |
| tricuspid valve | between right atrium & right ventricle |
| pulmonic valve | semilunar, between right ventricle & pulmonary circulation |
| mitral valve | between left atrium & left ventricle. mitral stenosis (from rheumatic fever) or mitral regurgitation (prolapse from rheumatic, myxomatous degernation) can cause PAH, co pulmonale. |
| aortic valve | left ventricle & aorta. aortic stenosis (common over 65-age related degeneration; congenital; rheumatic)cause left sided heart failure. aortic regurgitation(connective tissue dx, appetite meds, atheroscleosis, trauma) left sided heart failure |
| diastole | myocardium relax, chamber fill with blood; coronary perfusion occurs at this time, < in tachycardia. |
| systole | myocardium contracts |
| p wave | atrial depolarization |
| QRS | ventricular depolarization |
| Preload | pressure generated in ventricles at end of diastole, depends on volume in ventricles. Contractility depends on preload. |
| Afterload | resistance to ejection of blood from ventricles, depends on pressure in aorta |
| Frank-Starling law | myocardium stretch determine force of myocardial contraction. |
| Laplace Law | amount of contractile force generated depends on radius of the chamber and thickness of the wall. smaller the radius & thicker the wall-greater the force of cnt. |
| 3 layers of vessel walls | 1)tunica intima-inner layer 2) tunica media-middle 3) tunica externa-outer layer |
| Virchow triad | venous stasis hypercoagulability injury to epithelial cells |
| Primary hypertension | genetic interaction with environment, neurohormonal response > BP |
| Secondary htn | caused by another disease; renal, endocrine, vascular, neurologic, PIH, stress, drugs |
| Systolic heart failure | inability of heart to generate adequate CO to perfuse tissue. > LVEDV. assoc w/hypothyroidism |
| Diastolic heart failure | pulmonary congestion with normal SV/CO. normal LVEDV with > LVEDP |
| Right sided heart failure | inability of right ventricle to provide adequate blood flow to pulmonary circulation. Often from LV systolic HF, or pulmonary disease (COPD) |
| High Output heart failure | inaabilty of heart to adequately supply body with oxygen despite adequate volume/cnt. anemia, hyperthyroidism, sepsis |
Created by:
Sniffen group
Popular Physiology sets