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Reproduction+Male
Intro to the Reproductive System and Male Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Steps of Spermatogenesis | 1.Spermatogonia 2.Primary spermatocyte 3.Secondary spermatocyte 4.Spermatid(immature)5. Speratozoa(sperm) |
| Division Cyle? | 1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis |
| Interphase | G1 is when cellular contents are duplicated(except chromosomes) S is chromosomes duplicatedand G2 is cell double checks chromosoes for error |
| Klinefelter's syndrome | XXY or XXYY male. breast growth, and some cognitive problems. |
| Non Dysjunction | failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division.Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meosis I or sister chomatids in meosis II. |
| Turner's Syndrome | X female. sterile, short stature. broad chest, webbed neck. |
| Male hormones processing begins with? | Cholesterol |
| Describe male hormone process | cholesterol to pregnenolone(broken down by Dehydrogenase)to Progesterone(hydroxylase) to Testoterone(5-alpha reductase) to DHT-Dihydrotestosterone. |
| What breaks down testosterone to estrogen? | Aromatase |
| 4 week old embryo | indiffernt gonad stage. 1.Cells are gonocytes, epithelial, and mesenchyme. 2. Ducts are Wolffian and Mullerian |
| What happens before the 7th week? #1 | Y chromosome gene called SRY(sex determining Region of Y chromosome) gets transcribed and translated a protein called the SRY protein which appears on the surface the indifferent gonad. |
| What happens before the 7th week? #2 | Indifferent gonad turns into Testis Gonocytes turn into Spermatogonia Epithelial cells turn into Sertoli cells |
| What are sertoli cells and what do they do? | produce SMI(spermatogenesis inhibitor) which stops cell division until puberty Produce MDI(mullerian duct inhibitor) Produce 5-Alpha Reductase |
| where do seminiferous tubules form? | within the testis |
| some mesenchyme cells form into what? | interstitial cells of Leydig outside of seminerferous tubules. |
| Inetstitial cells produce what? | Testosterone, androstenedione, DHEA |
| Why is testosterone anabolic? | because it promotes growth and maturation of bones, increase in erythropoiesis, increase in kidney growth. |
| DHT works on what? | Genital tubercle...penis, scrotum, prostate, |
| What month does fetus have the phenotype of a male? | on a 3 month old fetus. |
| Onset of puberty...what sets of puberty? | there is a GnRH from the hypothalamus to the Adenohypophysis which then releases FSH & LH. |
| FSH does what to a male? | promotes the growth of testis...the primitive sex cords--> semineferous tubules(sertoli & spermatogenesis) |
| LH does what to a male? | increases testosterone secretions |
| What is speriation? | immature spermatozoa is extruded in testicular fluid to the rete testis to the epididymis, BUT cannot fertilize and move independently because it needs LH |
| Sperm Maturation | occurs as they travel to Epididymis. Spermatozoa acquire ability to swin. Storage and maturation in epididymis. requires increase in Testosterone. |
| how does ejactulation occur? | depends on nerve impulses. goes from spermatozoa to vas deferens to penis |
| What is semen? | spermatozoa and seminal fluid |
| What is seminal fluid? and its functions? | produced by seminal vesicles and prostate glands. Its functions are to provide fluid medium for sperm passage, nutrients, buffer, and protective substance. |
| Cryptochidism? | is the absence of one or both testes |
| What is the Ideal temperature of the scrotum? | -2 degrees celcius |
| what is the histology composition of the penis? | erectile tissue and fibruous Tissue |
| Bulbourethral Glands(cowper's gland) does what? | secrete mucus fluid to lubricate end of penis |
| What are secondary sex characteristics? | masculation: bones, skin, muscle, beard, hair, mustache, voice |
| what are the testosterone functions?? | Essential for maturation and function of all mall accessory reproductive structures( epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate) Promotes development of smeinal vesicles and prostate. |
| Why else do we need testosterone? | its required for proper spermatogenesis and speriogenisis. |
| What does Testosterone stimulate? | Libido(acts on brain) |
| Hypopituitarism/Hypogonadism | decrease production of Testosterone. Decrease FSH, LH production. Delayed Puberty. Eunuchoidism(absence of sex features), Cryptorchidism, Anosmia,Cleft Palate, Congenital Cranio Facial Asymetry |
| Hyperpituitarism | increase estrogen production, decrease testosterone production, gynecomastia, Klline Felter syndrome, Jacob syndrome(XYY) |
| Erectile dysfunction | impotence could be due to blood flow problem, nerve connections problem, psychological problems |
| How Viagra and similar drugs work? | they work by dialating blood vessels to penis. increases blood flow in corpora cavernosa leading to erection. does not help with psychological issues causing Impotence |
| Specifically, how does Viagra work? | Sexual stimulation increases release of Nitric Oxide to activate guanylate cyclase which turns GTP to cGMP. Viagra blocks cGMP from being degraded by PDE5..keeping vasodialation and erection...wooo!! XD |
| Drugs used for long and good sex? | Viagra,Levitra(more potent than viagra), and Cialis( can last 3 days!) |
| Primary sex organs are...?? | gonads, that produce sex cells and secrete hormones(androgen, E/T) |
| Testicular Cancer... | usually ages 15-40, pain, sudden collection of fluid in scrontum, highly curable. Tumur markers: alpha-feto protein or beta-hCG |
| Prostate Caner... | usually over 40, frwquent urination, pain. Tumor Markers: High PSA(prostate specific antigen) and/or High Acid Phosphatase (prostate enzyme) |
| Cancer Treatments... | surgery( orchidecctomy or Prostatectomy, Chemotherapy, or radiation |
Created by:
VMarie1991