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Clinchem Test 4
J Sarge ClinChem Test 4 Comprehensive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Amniotic fluid | Liquid that surrounds the fetus in the amniotic cavity |
| Anencephaly | A fatal congenital absence of or greatly reduced brain, particularly the cerebrum, resulting from failure of the neural tube to close during organ formation |
| Bence Jones protein | Free light chains of the immunoglobulin molecule |
| Chain of custody | Additional documentation of the condition of a specimen, all procedures performed, and personnel who have encountered a test specimen |
| Definitive test | Highly sensitive and specific test in which results can be used as legal evidence |
| Diagnostic sensitivity | The likelihood that, given the presence of disease, an abnormal test result predicts the disease |
| Diagnostic specificity | The likelihood that, given the absence of disease, a normal test result excludes disease |
| Estradiol | 18-carbon steroid molecule that is the main estrogen found in pregnant women |
| False negative | Results below the decision limit in a patient who has the disease |
| False positive | Results at or above the decision limit in a patient who does not have the disease |
| Follicular phase | First half of the female menstrual cycle leading up to maturity of one follicle and release of a oocyte |
| Forensic testing | Testing in which results can be submitted to help answer a question of law or as evidence in a legal decision |
| Half life | One-half of the time between synthesis and degradation of a compound/time needed for the concentration of a drug to decrease by half |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) | Classic hormone marker of pregnancy produced by the placenta after the fertilized oocyte implants |
| Luteal phase | Second half of the female menstrual cycle following ovulation and the dominance of the corpus luteum |
| Macroglobulinemia | Disease of plasma cells marked by excess production of immunoglobulin M (IgM) |
| Malignant | Characterized by completely unrestricted cell growth with a tendency to spread |
| Medical decision limit | The value for a test result that is used in making the diagnosis |
| Metastasis | Tumor appearance in a different body site than the primary tumor of the same cell line |
| Minimum effective concentration | The lower limit of the therapeutic range |
| Minimum toxic concentration | The lower limit of the toxicity range |
| Monoclonal | Arising from one cell line |
| Neoplasia | Accelerated new cell growth, either benign or malignant |
| Nephrotoxicity | Damage to the kidneys |
| Ovulation | Cyclic release of an oocyte by the ovary |
| Paraprotein/M protein | An abnormal plasma protein, such as a macroglobulin, cryoglobulin, or immunoglobulin/paraprotein visible in protein electrophoresis causing a tall peak in the densitometry pattern, also called an M spike |
| Peak | The highest level of a particular drug found in the blood following administration |
| Pharmacokinetics | The relationship of drug concentration to time |
| Pre-eclampsia | A complication of pregnancy characterized by increasing hypertension, proteinuria and edema |
| Presumptive test | A procedure with minimal complexity, instrumentation, and personnel requirements so that the results can be quickly determined |
| Progesterone | Steroid hormone produced by the corpus luteum and placenta that prepares the endometrium for blastocyst implantation and maintains pregnancy |
| Receiver operating characteristics ROC curve | A plot of the diagnostic specificity versus sensitivity of a test |
| Steady state | Condition in which the average drug concentration remains in equilibrium after multiple intervals of drug dosage |
| Surfactant | A substance that reduces the surface tension of the moist surfaces of solid tissue |
| Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) | Measuring serum levels of a drug to aid in adjusting drug dosage |
| Toxicity | Poisoning due to exposure to a toxin, including drugs, gases, heavy metals, and alcohols |
| Trisomy | Three copies of a chromosome instead if the normal two |
| Trough | The lowest level of a particular drug found in the blood following administration of a dose and just prior to the administration of the next dose, after a peak in drug level |
| True negative | Result below the decision limit in a patient who does not have the disease |
| True positive | Result at or above the decision limit in a patient who has the disease |
| Tumor markers | Surface molecules on tissue or proteins in serum that, in higher than normal quantities, are associated with the presence of malignancies |
| Uterus | Hollow muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity of the woman in which the blastocyst implants and the fetus develops |
| Lavendar | K2 EDTA-Plasma |
| Light Blue | Sodium Citrate-Plasma |
| Grean | Heparin-Plasma |
| Red Gray/Gold SST | Clot activator-Serum |
| Red Top | Glass no additive/Plastic clot activator-Serum |
| Yellow | Sodium polyethanlo sulfate-Plasma |
| Pink | EDTA-Plasma |
| Grey | Sodium fluoride-Plasma |
| Dilantin | Phenytoin |
| Tegretol | Carbamazepine |
| Mysoline | Primidone |
| Depakene | Valproic Acid |
| Luminal | Phenobarbital |
| What is the main urinary marker in prenancy | HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadtropin) |
| What do HCG levels do during a normal pregnancy | Levels dectectable ~22 days after LMP which is 8 to 11 days after conception. Levels rise exponentially more than doulble each weak during the first weeks. |
| HCG detection levels for pregnancy | Usually set at 10 U/L. A lot of labs use 0-5 as negeative, 5-10 as gray zone with a comment to repeat testing in a few days. |
| Maturnal testing for open neural tube defects | Testing done on maturnal serum at 16-18 weeks. Test usually include Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP), Estriol, and HCG. Referred to as a triple screen. Also for detection of down sydrome, trisomy 18. |
| What was the first test mandated for neonates | PKU (Phenylketonuria) |
| What is the L/S ration reffering to in pregnancy | To determine fetal lung maturity. Sphingomyelin is detected in amnionic fluid at a constant rate. Lecithin rises during gestation. When the L/S ratio gets to 2 to 1 or greater this is an indication of matue lungs |
| Other tests for fetal lung maturity | Foam stability test. FLM by Abbott diagnostics. Lamellar body counts. |
| What are lamellar bodies and how are they tested | Storage form of sufactant and are similar in size to a normal platlet. Lamellar bodies can be counted on any cell counter but must be verified and getting enough samples to do the verification is hard. |
| Cell/Tumor marker CA 125 | Ovarian Cancer |
| Cell/Tumor marker CA 15-3 | Breast Cancer |
| Cel/Tumor marker CA 19-9 | GI Cancer |
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