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stcc Electrolytes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anion | negative charge; move toward positive anode |
| cation | postive charge; move toward negative cathode |
| active transport | mechanism that requires energy to move ions across cellular membranes |
| diffusion | passive movement of ions across a membrane; depends on size/charge of ion, nature of membrane |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | vasopressin; controls osmolality; natual response to thirst |
| osmolality | physical property of a solution based on the concentration of solute per kilogram of solvent |
| decreased blood vol response | vol receptors/thirst sensation; secration of epinephrine/norepinephrine; production of angiotensin II; decreased GFR |
| increased blood vol response | release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); vol receptors; increase GFR; increased plasma sodium |
| osmolality determination | as freezing point increases, vapor pressure decreases |
| osmolality ranges | serum 275-295mOsm/kg; urine(24hr) 300-900mOsm/kg; urine/serurm ratio 3.0-1.0 |
| sodium | major extracellular cation; major function is determining osmolality of plasma |
| sodium regulation | controlled by intake of water, water excretion, blood volume status |
| sodium balance | extra/intracellular balance through active transport |
| hyponatremia | sodium levels less than 135mmol/L; vomiting, diahrrea, severe burns |
| hypernatremia | sodium levels greater than 145mmol/L; excessive water loss, decrease water intake, increased intake/retention |
| specimens for testing sodium levels | serum, plasma, urine, CSF |
| testing methods for sodium | ISE (semipermiable membrane) or chemical |
| potassium | major intracellular cation; major function-regulate neuromuscular excitability (heart contractions) and control of hydrogen ion concentration for acid base balance |
| potassium regulation | through the cells and kidneys |
| hypokalemia | potassium levels lower than 3mmol/L; GI loss, renal loss |
| hyperkalemia | potassium levels greater than 5mmol/L; cellular shifts, increased intake, decreased renal excretion |
| specimens for testing potassium | serum, plasma, urine |
| testing methods for potassium | ISE using a valinomycin membrance |
| hemolysis will effect results for these electrolytes | potassium, phosphate, chloride |
| potassium ranges | plasma, serum 3.4-5.0mmol/L; urine(24hr) 25-125mmol/day |
| sodium ranges | serum, plasma 136-145mmol/L; urine(24hr) 40-220mmol/day; CSF 136-150mmol/day |
| chloride | major extracellular anion; functions- body hydration, ionic neutrality, blood volume, maintain osmotic pressure |
| chloride shift | chloride maintains neutrality in RBCs where bicarbonate diffuses out of the cell while chloride diffuses into RBC |
| specimens for testing chloride | serum, plasma, sweat |
| testing method for chloride | ISE or colormetric |
| sweat test | diagnoses cystic fibrosis |
| chloride ranges | plasma/serum 98-107mmol/L; urine(24hr) 110-250mmol/day |
| bicarbonate ranges | serum/plasma 22-29mmol/L |
| bicarbonate | 2nd most abundant extracellular anion; function-buffer blood formed from CO2 within cells |
| bicarbonate regulation | electrical neutralility |
| metabolic acidosis | bicarbonate combines with H+ producing CO2--> exhaled in lungs |
| metabolic alkalosis | retention of bicarbonate |
| hyperchloremia | excessive loss of bicarbonate ions; caused by GI losses, RTA, metabolic acidosis |
| hypochloremia | excessive loss of chloride; caused by vomiting, diabetiv ketoacidosis, increase levels of HCO3 |
| specimens for bicarbonate testing | serum, plasma; must remained capped |
| method for testing bicarbonate | ISE or enzymatic (NADH measured) |
| magnesium | 2nd most abundant intracellular ion, 4th most abundant cation; function- essential cofactor for enzymatic reactions |
| magnesium found in these body sites | bone, intracellular, extracellular |
| magnesium found in these forms extracellulary | free ionized, bound to protein, complexed to anions |
| regulation of magnesium | diet, through kidney reabsorption/excretion |
| specimens for testing magnesium | serum, plasma |
| magnesium ranges | serum, plasma 0.63-1.0mmol/L |
| testing methods for magnesium | colormetric using formazen, methythymol dyes |
| calcium | divalent cation (2pos charges) |
| calcium found | bone, heart muscle, clotting factors |
| forms of calcium in plasma | bound to protein, complexed to anions, free/ionized |
| hormaones that control calcium | parathyroid (increases); vitamin D (increases); calcitonin (decreases) |
| specimens for testing calcium | serum, plasma |
| testing method for calcium | ISE; colormetric, using ortho-cresolphthalein complexone(CPC) or arsenzo III |
| phosphate | major intracellular anion; functions- component of DNA/RNA, coenzyme for enzymatic reactions, enery source, buffer for the release of O2 from hemoglobin |
| phosphate regulation | by renal excretion/reabsorption and by hormones - PTH, vitamin D, growth |
| specimens for phosphate | serum, plasma |
| highest levels of phosphate | in the morning |
| testing method for phosphate and wavelength | colormetric- using ammonium phosphomolybdate complex (340nm) or molybdenum blue (600-700nm) |
| phosphate ranges | serum/plasma - child 1.45-1.78mmol/L, adult 0.87-1.45mmol/L; urine(24hr) 13-42mmol/day |
| lactate | end product of anaerobic glycolysis; function-early indicator of oxygen deprivation |
| gluconeogenisis | process occuring in liver that converts lactate back to glucose |
| tesing method for lactate | enzymatic--> coupled with peroxidase to form a color |
| collection requirements for lactate | no tourniquet used and no prior exercise; specimen delivered on ice and separated quickly |
| lactate ranges | venous- 0.5-2.2mmol/L; arterial 0.5-1.6mmol/L; CSF 1.1-2.4mmol/L |
| anion gap | approximation of the difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations |
Created by:
cjbarnes78
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