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Kines 2 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many vertebrae are there | 33 |
| There are 5 parts to the vertebral column, list them | cervical, thoracic. lumbar, sacral and coccygeal |
| List the jobs of the spine | Pivot point for head anchor for pelvis allows for stability and mobility protects spinal column |
| Movement in the vertebral column is ___-axial | Tri-axial |
| What planes does the vertebral column move in | Saggital, Frontal, and horizontal |
| What movement does the spine do in Saggital plane | flexion, extension, hyperextension |
| What movement does the spine do in the frontal plane | lateral flexion |
| What movement does the spine do in the horizontal plane | rotation |
| What vertebrae has NO rotation | C1 |
| Why is the lumbosacral joint important? | It joins the vertebral column and the pelvis |
| If the pelvis moves, what also moves | the vertebral column |
| Why do we have vertebral curves | for strength and support |
| Name the two types of curves | Lordosis and Kyphosis |
| Describe Lordosis | Anterior curve an inward curve (happens with pregnancy) |
| Describe Kyphosis | Posterior curve outward curve |
| If you have Kyphyosis, what types of changes could you see | tailbone would tuck Lumbar spine flattens And hypertension on cervical area |
| What is an example of abnormal kyphosis | Spina bifida can case kyphosis thoracic |
| List the benefits of neutral pelvic tilt | weight across the femurs evenly erect spine allows for wt. shift anterior, posterior, lateral functional position for seated position |
| Describe anterior pelvic tilt | ASIS tips to the front Soup is coming out |
| What problems can anterior pelvic tilt cause | Greater Lordosis in lumbar spine CoG shifts forward |
| What can cause an anterior pelvic tilt | Pregnancy, overweight in abdominal region, muscular imbalance, hypertoncity (CP) |
| Describe a posterior pelvic tilt | ASIA tips backwands Soup is being held in |
| What problems can pelvic tilt cause | Tail bone tucks flattening of lumbar spine (kyphosis) can cause cervical hyperextention |
| What kind of issues can occur if you have anterior pelvic tilt when you you are sitting? | Pushes you forward |
| What kind of issues can occur if you have posterior pelvic tilt when you are sitting? | Slumping and could slide out of the chair |
| How could anterior pelvic tilt be used in therapy? | With a downs child, you can anteriorly tilt them to help them sit up more properly |
| How could you use posterior pelvic tilt in therapy? | With CP, you can posteriorly tilt them to bring them into a more relaxed natural tilt |
| Define Sitting Balance | ability to maintain sitting without falling |
| What skill is essential for functional independence | Sitting Balance |
| Sitting Balance is a _____ and a ____ skill | Complex and Dynamic |
| When does development of postural control happen? | From birth to adolescent |
| If sitting balance is a problem, what area of the body should you look to first? | the trunk |
| Define pelvic rotation | one ASIS is moved anteriorly |
| Define pelvic obliquity | one ASIS is moved superiorly |
| What kind of pelvic problems can happen with scoliosis | pelvis obliquity |
| Define Scoliosis | lateral curvature of vertebrae |
| What are two types of scoliosis? | Structural (irreversible) non-structural (reversible) |
| What is the layer between the vertebrae | Intervertebral discs |
| What is the job of the intervetebral discs | shock absorption |
| What holds the interveterbral discs | held into place my ligaments |
| List the Cervical spine vertebrae | C1-C7 |
| There are two special cervical vertebrae, name them | C1-Atlas C2- Axis |
| Describe C1 and tell its job | No body; -flexion and extension -Support of cranium |
| Describe C2 and tell its job | -has the dens (tooth like) -rotation -keeps C1 stable |
| If the dens is smaller then normal, what can this cause? | instability |
| What is the job of the body of the vertebrae | it is the weight bearing part of the vertebra |
| What are the jobs of facets | to articulate between vertebrae and ribs |
| What is a foramen | opening |
| What is the intervertebral foramen | happens between vertebrae |
| What is a vertebral foramen | space for the spinal cord |
| What is a transverse foramen | for arteries to go through |
| What is the job of the tranverse process? | to attachs ligaments to the spine (for muscles) |
| What is the job of the spinous process? | attaches ligaments to spine as well |
| What part of the vertebrae forms the spinal canal? | Lamina |
| How many intervetebral discs do people have? | 23 |
| What is the annulus? | The external, harder part of the disc |
| What is the nucleaus pulposus | the internal more gel-like substance |
| What are common disc injury | slipped, herniated, prolapse |
| What can a slipped disc do to spinal root nerve | can be compressed |
| What are the names of the thoracic vertebrae | T1-T12 |
| What is the most stable part of the spine | thoracic |
| What part of the spine is the rib cage joined to | Thoracic |
| The thoracic spine is joined with the ribs, how does this impact the movement of this part of the spine | limits flexion, lateral flexion |
| Which way does the spinous process point in the thoracic area and why is this? | inferiority -it prevents hyperextention (helps to not squish ribs) |
| What is the job of the lumbar spine | supports weight of upper body |
| What are the largest vertebrae | Lumbar |
| What part of the spine has the most injuries | Lumbar |
| What part of the spine has bigger articular processes | Lumbar |
| What happens to the movement in the lumbar area due to the larger articular processes | Limited ROM Flexion and extention are possible Limited rotation |
| Describe the sacral vertebrae | 5 fused vertebrae |
| Describe the coccygeal vertebrae | 4 rudimentary vertebrae |
| What section of the spine has no nerve roots | Coccygeal |
| What section of the spine has no movement | coccygeal |
| Which ribs go to the sternum and what is their name | First 7, called True ribs |
| What ribs attache via cartliage to sternum | 3 after the first 7 false ribs |
| What ribs do not attach to the sterum | last 2- floating ribs |
| What kind of muscles are between the ribs | intercostal muscles |
| What is the job of the intercostal ribs | aide in respiration |
| What provides support for the upper extremities (not the spine) | rib cage |
| What are the three bones of pelvis girdle | sacrum and two iliac bones |
| There are three joints involved in the pelvic girdle, name them | pubis symphysis, sacroiliac joints |
| What do the joints of the pelvic girdle provide? | Limit mobility Provide stability |
| There are two types of ligaments for the spinal colum | Intrasegmental intersegmental |
| What is Intrasegmental | hold vertbrae together |
| What is the job of the intersegmental ligaments | prevents excessive motion |
| Where is the anterior longitudial ligament located | along the bodies of the vertebrae (anteriorly) |
| Where is the posterior longitudial ligament located | along the bodoes of the vertebrae (posteriorly) inside the spinal column |
| What does the anterior longitudinal ligament limit? | hyperextension |
| What does the posterior longitudinal ligament limit | Flexion |
| Where is the supraspinatous ligament? | posterior of spinous process and limits flexion |
| What is the Nuchal ligament | thicker and stronger version of the supraspinous ligament from C7 up |
| If you have anterior contraction what happens? | Flexion |
| if you posterior contraction what happens? | extension |
| If you have unilateral contraction | What happens lateral flexion or rotation |
| What connects the rectus abdominus | linea alba |
| What does the rectus abdominus do | -Flexs trunk -aides in respiration -compression of organs |
| What are external obliques | One layer down from rectus abdominus run diagonally |
| What is the job of the external obliques? | Allow for flexion aid in exhalation compression of |
| If you have unilateral contraction of the external obliques? | lateral bending to the side of the contraction rotation to the opposite side from the contraction |
| Where are the internal oblieques | under the external obliques fibers run opposite of the external obliques |
| What is the job of the internal obliques | flexion |
| If you have unilateral contraction of the internal obliques what happens | Lateral and rotation to the same side |
| What two muscles can work together to strengthen rotation and bending | internal and external obliques |
| Which is the deepest muscle of the abdominal group | Transverse |
| Which direction does the muscle fibers run | horizontal |
| So what is the job of the transverse muscle? | no joint motion compresses abdomen |
| What is the valsaval maneuver? | involuntary compression to help in child birth, defecation, coughing |
| Where is the erector spina group? | Along the spinal column |
| What does the erector spina group do? | Extension and help hold you upright |
| If you have unlateral contraction of the erector spinae group | bending |
| name the three layers of erector group | Deep, Mid, superficial |
| Where is the quadratus lumborum | a square on the lumbar region |
| What does the quardratus lumborum do? | -pelvic elevation -lateral bending -helps with pelvic alignment -Very important to walking |
| What is another term for pelvic elevation | hip hiking |
| What is reversal of muscle function | where the origins towards the insertion |
| Name an example of reversal of muscle function | Hip Hiking |
| What muscle can pelvic tilt cause overstretching and cause problems with the UE? | Lattissimus Dorsi |
| Where does the Lattissimus Dorsi insert? And what does this muscle affect? | Hip bones, Sitting position |
| Name some reasons why muscles are looked at by OTs | - Balance of muscle required for upright posture - weakness and tightness impact orthopedic - lack of mvmt can lead to contractures of the muscle |
| Where is the sternocleidomastoid? | goes from the sternum to the mastiod process fo the skull |
| What does the sternocleidomastoid do? | neck flexion unilateral contraction leads to same side bending and opposite side rotation |
| List the function of the LE | -enable upright position -maintain equilibrium - provide support for body weight - shocl absorption during walking and running - assist in pushing off the ground (walking) |
| List some of the roles an OT might perform with the LE | - transfer training -sitting and standing balance - safety - use of adaptive equipment - ADL -IADL or other occupations |
| What enables mvmt for gait and ambulation for mobility? | LE |
| What is ambulation | process of moving from place to place |
| Why would an OT need to collborate with the PT? | So that duplication of services does not happen |
| What are the functions of the pelvis | posture balance stablity influences LE |
| List the Hip Motions | flextion, extension abduction, adduction internal and external rotation |
| What are the motions of the knee | Flexion and Extension |
| What are the motions of the ankle? | plantarflexion dorsiflexion inversion eversion |
| What are gait patterns | boyd functions commonly looked at by an OT |
| Why would an OT care about gait patterns? | - reflect distance traveled (what the heck?) - identify absense of common characteristics of gait -ensure safety, prevent injury |
| What re the two phases of the gait cycle? | stance and swing |
| List the 5 steps in Stance | heelstrike foot flat mindtance heel off toe off |
| What percentage of the gait cycle is stance? | 60 Percent |
| WHere are patients more likely to have issues? Stance or Swing | Stance |
| list the three parts of Swing | acceleration midwing decleration |
| What percentage of the gait cycle is swing | 40 percent |
| What is single support mean when you are talking about gait cycle | the part of the cycle where only one leg is in contant with the ground |
| What is double support mean when you are talking about gait cycle | the part of the cycle where both feet are in contact with the ground |
| What is Stride Length | from right heel strike to the next right heel strike |
| What is step lenght | from righ theeel strike to the left heel strike (or the other way around) |
| What is step width | how far apart are the two heel strikes (right and left) |
| What gait problems do you see with foot drop? | No heel strike is present |
| how does your CoG change as you walk (in a normal gait pattern) | Your CoG shifts R and L and up and down as you walk. It can go two inches in any of those directions |
| How does your UE affect your gait | arm swing and trunk rotation |
Created by:
Niccole2
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