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ABSITE cell biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are desmosomes/hemidesmosmes? | adhesion molecules (cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix), which anchor cells |
| What are tight junctions? | cell-cell occluding junctions and form an impermeable barrier |
| What are gap junctions? | allow communication between cells (connexin subunits) |
| What are G proteins? | Intramembrane proteins, transduce signal from receptor to response enzyme |
| What is ligand-triggered protien kinase? | Receptor and response enzyme are a single transmembrane protien |
| What is a cell membrane? | A lipid bilayer that contains protiens, enzymes, and receptors, cholesterol increases membrane fluidity |
| True or False: cells are negative on the inside compared to the outside. | True, based on Na/K ATPase (3Na out/2 K in) |
| What are the major cations? | Na, K, Ca, Mg |
| What are the major anions? | Cl, HCO3, SO4, HPO4, protien, organic anions |
| What are ABO blood type antigens? | Glycolipids on cell membrane |
| What are HLA type antigens? | Glycoprotiens (Gp) on cell membrane |
| What is osmotic equilibrium? | Water will move from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration |
| G1 phase of cell cycle | Cell contents duplicate, Protein synthesis, most variable, determines cell cycle length |
| S phase of cell cycle | Chromosomal duplication |
| G2 phase of cell cycle | Metabolic changes, prepare for mitosis |
| M phase of cell cycle | nucleus divides (Mitosis) followed by cell division (cytokinesis) |
| What is the restriction point? | In G1 phase, cell is commited to division and moves on to S phase, or goes to G0 cell cycle arrest |
| What are the phases if mitosis? | Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
| What is Prophase? | Centromere attachment, spindle formation, and nucleus disappears |
| What is Metaphase? | Chromosome alignment |
| What is Anaphase? | Chromosome pulled apart |
| What is Telophase? | Separate nucleus re-forms around each set of chromosomes |
| Nucleus | double membrane, outer membrane continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Nucleolus | inside the nucleus, no membrane, and produces ribosomes |
| Transcription | DNA strand is used as a template by RNA polymerase for synthesis of a mRNA strand |
| Transcription factors | bind DNA and help the transcription of genes Steriod and thyroid hormones, AP-1, NFKB, STAT, NFAT |
| Steriod hormones role in transcription | bind receptors in cytoplasm, then enters nucleus and acts as transcription factor |
| Thyroid hormone role in transcription | bind receptors in nucleus, then acts as transcription factor |
| Initiation factors | bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription |
| DNA polymerase chain reaction | oligonucleotides used to amplify specific DNA sequences |
| Purines | guainine and adenine guanine forms 1 hydrogen bond with cytosine adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with either thymidine or uracil |
| Pyrimidines | cytosine and thymidine(DNA) and uracil(RNA) |
| Translation | mRNA is used as a template by ribosomes for synthesis of protein |
| Ribosomes | have small and large subunits that read mRNA, then bind appropriate tRNAs that have amino acids, and make proteins |
| Products of glycolysis | 1 glucose= 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules |
| Pyruvate is used in what other cycle? | Kreb cycle |
| Mitochondria | have 2 membranes, Kreb cycle on inner matrix, create NADH/FADH2 |
| Products of Kreb cycle | 2 pyruvate= NADH and FADH2 |
| NADH and FADH2 are used in what? | electron transport chain to create ATP |
| 1 glucose molecule produce how many ATP? | 36 ATP |
| Gluconeogenesis | process by whch lactic acid and amino acids are converted to glucose (in liver) |
| Cori cycle | gluconeogenesis (in liver) produces glucose that is transported to glycolysis (in muscle) to produce pyruvate and then lactate, where lactate is then transported to liver to be used for gluconeogenesis |
| True or False: Acetyl CoA can be converted to pyruvate. | False, fats and lipids are not available for gluconeogenesis b/c acetyl CoA can NOT be converted back to pyruvate |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | synthesizes proteins that are exported, increased in pancreatic acinar cells |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | lipid/steriod synthesis,detoxifies drugs, increased in liver and adrenal cortex |
| Golgi apparatus | modifies proteins with carbs; proteins are then transported to the cellular membrane, are secreted, or are targeted to lysosomes |
| Lysosomes | digestive enzymes that degrade engulfed particle and worn out organelles |
| Phagosomes | engulfed large particle; then fuse with lysosomes |
| Endosomes | engulfed small particles; fuse with lysosomes |
| Protein kinase A | activated by cAMP, phosphorylates other enzymes |
| Protein kinase C | activated by calcium and diacylglycerol(DAG), phosphorylates |
| Myosin | thick filament, uses ATP to slide along actin to cause muscle contraction |
| Actin | thin filament, interact with myosin |
| Intermediate filaments | keratin (hair/nails), desmin (muscle), vimentin (fibroblasts) |
| Microtubules | form specialized cellular structures such as cilia, neuronal axons, and mitotic spindles, also transport organelles in the cell |
| Centriole | specialized microtubule involved in cell division |
Created by:
sgrisby
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