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Neuro Quiz 2
CSDI 4440
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many layers are in the meninges? | three |
| What is the dura matter? | the outer most layer of the meninges |
| What is the arachnoid mater? | the middle layer of the meninges |
| What is the Pia mater? | the inner layer of the meninges |
| What are the potential spaces in the meninges? | epidural space, subdural space |
| What are the actual spaces of the meninges? | subarachnoid space |
| What is the epidural space? | between the skull and dura mater |
| What is the subdural space? | bewtween dura mater and acachnoid mater |
| What is the subarachnoid space? | between arachnoid mater and pia mater |
| What is the function of the blood-brain barrier? | protects against foreign invaders and hormones/neurotransmitters in the rest of the body, maintains constant environment for the brain |
| How much of the body's oxygen does the brain consume? | 20% |
| How does blood enter the brain? | through carotid and vertebral arteries |
| What do the carotid and vertebral arteries feed? | the circle of willis |
| What arteries does the circle of willis use to feed the brain oxygenated blood? | anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and posterior cerebral artery |
| What is the function of the venous system? | moves deoxygenated blood away from the brain |
| What sinuses are used to remove deoxygenated blood in the meninges? | superior sagittal, transverse, occipital, sigmoid |
| What are the two cerebral hemispheres? | left and right |
| What are the major layers of the cerebrum from superficial to deep? | surface gray matter, white matter, deep gray matter, ventricles |
| What does surface gray matter in the cerebrum contain? | cerebral cortex; neuron somas |
| What does white matter in the cerebrum contain? | axons |
| What does deep gray matter in the cerebrum contain? | thalamus and basal ganglia |
| How many ventricles are in the cerebrum? | 4 ventricles |
| What does cortex mean? | bark |
| What are the features of the cerebral cortex? | Gyri, sulci, and fissures |
| What are fissures? | deep sulci |
| What are the types of fissures in the cerebral cortex? | longitudinal, central, lateral |
| What is the first layer of the cerebral cortex? | glia and neurons |
| What is the second layer in the cerebral cortex? | small pyramidal cells |
| What is the third layer of the cerebral cortex? | large pyramidal cells |
| What is the fourth layer of the cerebral cortex? | nonpyramidal cells |
| What is the fifth layer of the cerebral cortex? | betz cells |
| What is the sixth layer of the cerebral cortex | various cells |
| What is the frontal lobe responsible for? | reasoning, planning, and motor movement |
| What is the parietal lobe responsible for? | sensory, perception, and interpretation |
| What is the occipital lobe responsible for? | vision |
| What is the temporal lobe responsible for? | memory, receptive language |
| What is the left hemisphere of the brain responsible for? | reading, writing, spoken tanguage, auditory comprehension, reasoning |
| What is the right hemisphere of the brain responsible for? | prosody, facial expressions (producing/interpreting) and recognition, body language (producing and interpreting), attention, visuospatial skills |
| What tends to be the dominant side of the brain? | the left hemisphere |
| What is the interhemispheric connections? | corpus callosum |
| What is the corpus callosum? | a band of fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres together |
| What are the connections within the cerebral hemisphere? | superior longitudinal fasciculus and the arcuate fasciculus |
| What are the types of Ischemic CVA? | thrombotic, embolic, and transient |
| What are the two types of hemorrhagic CVA? | intra-axial and extra-axial |
| What does intra-axial mean? | inside the brain |
| What does extra-axial mean? | outside the brain |
| What are the different places an extra-axial hemorrhagic CVA can occur? | epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid |
| What are the physical problems from a TBI? | coma, drowsiness, headache, seizures, hydrocephalus, plegia/paresis, dyskinesias, vision changes, multiple traumas |
| What are the cognitive-communicative problems from a TBI? | attention, orientation, memory, new learning, thought organization, reasoning, problem solving, executive functions, speech language issues, dysphagia |
| What is Cerebral Palsy (CP)? | A nonprogressive brain disorder |
| When can Cerebral Palsy (CP) occur? | before, at, or right after birth |
| What are the causes of Cerebral Palsy (CP)? | premature birth, anoxia, infections, brain hemorrhages, jaundice, and head injury |
| What are the types of Cerebral Palsy (CP)? | spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, mixed |
| What are the symptoms of Cerebral Palsy (CP)? | muscles tone issues, dyskinesias, gait problems |
| What is stuttering? | interruptions in the normal smoothness of oral language |
| What is the name for interruptions in stuttering? | disfluencies |
| What is an example of normal disfluencies? | "um" |
| What is an example of abnormal disfluencies? | "b-b-b-ball" |
| What is neuroplasticity? | the adaptive capacity of the central nervous system, the normal brain encodes experience and learns new behaviors |
| What is the Brodmann Map? | a map of the brain that divides it into 52 areas based on the brain's gross anatomy and cellular structure of the brain |
| What Brodmann Areas does the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe occupy? | 9, 10, 11, 12, 45, 46, 47 |
| What is Phineas Gage known for? | his prefrontal cortex damage |
| What is the function of the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe? | cognition (executive control), personality, decision making, and social behavior |
| What Brodmann Areas do the frontal eye fields of the frontal lobe occupy? | 8 |
| What is the function of the frontal eye fields of the frontal lobe? | controls eye movements |
| What does damage to the frontal eye fields of the frontal cortex result in? | eyes deviating toward the side of injury |
| What can sometimes be included as a part of the prefrontal cortex? | the frontal eye fields |
| What are the frontal eye fields of the frontal lobe involved in (emotionally)? | uncertainty and hope |
| What Brodmann Areas does Broca's area occupy? | 44, 45 |
| Where is Broca's area found? | third frontal convolution (inferior frontal gyrus) |
| What is Brodmann area 45 known as? | pars tiangularis |
| What is the pars triangularis (BA 45) involved in? | interpretation of language (syntax) and planning/programming of verbal responses |
| What is Brodmann area 44 known as? | Pars opercularis |
| What is the pars opercularis (BA 44) involved in? | coordination of speech organs for language production |
| Who did Paul Broca observe? | Tan |
| Who was one of the first to associate Brodmann Areas 44 and 45 with speech production? | Paul Broca |
| What does impairment of Broca's area lead to? | Broca's aphasia |
| What Brodmann area does the pre-motor cortex of the frontal lobe occupy? | 6 |
| What Brodmann area is closely related to the pre-motor cortex of the frontal lobe? | 44 |
| What is the premotor cortex of the prontal love involved in? | selecting and planning of motor movements |
| Where is the supplementary motor area (SMA) located? | at the top of BA 6 |
| What is the supplementary motor area involved in? | sequencing and "turning on" Motorola plans |
| What are the parts of the brainstem from top to bottom? | midbrain, pons, medulla |
| What is the function of the brainstem? | regulating major life functions (heartbeat, respiration), mediating head and neck reflexes (gag), regulating alertness and wakefulness |
| Where is the thalamus located? | sits above the brain stem |
| Where is the hypothalamus located? | anterior and Ventral surface of the thalamus |
| Where is the epithalamus located? | superior and posterior to the thalamus |
| What are the four parts of the diencephalon? | thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus |
| Where is the pituitary gland located? | in the hypothalamus |
| What are the parts of the epithalamus? | pineal gland, habenula, stria medullaris |
| Where is the subthalamus located? | below the thalamus |
| What is the function of the basal ganglia? | regulated complex motor function (posture, locomotion, balance, arm swining), coordinates motor behavior, uses dopamine |
| What are the parts of the Basal Ganglia? | globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus |
| Where is the Basal ganglia located? | near the base of the forebrain and surrounding the thalamus |
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hrshook0104
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