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Beowulf

Beowulf Notes

QuestionAnswer
Nowell Codex 11th-century manuscript (Cotton MS Vitellius A.xv) that preserves the unique copy of Beowulf.
Scyld Scefing Legendary Danish king whose ship burial opens the epic poem Beowulf.
Four Funerals Structural framework of Beowulf, including Scyld Scefing, Finnsburg, the Lay of the Last Survivor, and Beowulf's coastal barrow.
Hwææt Old English opening exclamation translated as "So!" by Seamus Heaney and "Bro!" by Maria Dahvana Headley.
J. R. R. Tolkien Delivered the landmark 1936 lecture "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics," shifting scholarship toward viewing the text as art rather than history.
Heorot The great mead-hall built by King Hrothgar that is terrorized by Grendel for twelve years.
Grendel Monstrous beast and descendant of Cain who attacks Heorot until Beowulf tears off his arm.
Wealhtheow Danish queen who serves as a "peace-weaver" by offering the ceremonial cup to Beowulf and his men.
Breca Beowulf's childhood friend who competed against him in a legendary seven-day swimming contest.
Unferth Danish warrior who challenges Beowulf's swimming record with Breca but later lends him the sword Hrunting.
Aeschere Hrothgar's trusted advisor who is abducted and killed by Grendel's mother.
Hrunting Ancient sword given to Beowulf by Unferth that fails to pierce the hide of Grendel's mother.
Sword of the Giants Enormous ancient blade found in the underwater mere that Beowulf uses to slay Grendel's mother.
Wiglaf The only retainer who remains loyal to Beowulf during the fatal battle against the dragon.
John Gardner Author of the 1971 novel Grendel, which retells the story of Beowulf from the perspective of the monster.
Seamus Heaney Nobel Laureate who authored a famous 1999 translation of Beowulf, famously rendering the opening word 'Hwææt' as 'So!'
Created by: kromeo
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