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LECTURES 1-4
MLT 214: MEDICAL MICRO PART II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blastoconidia are precursors to this yeast-associated structure | Pseudohyphae |
| What type of mycoses affect skin, hair, and nails? | Cutaneous |
| What are the two modes of entry for mycoses transmission? | Spore inhalation or skin trauma |
| Which multicellular fungal type is responsible for producing true hyphae? | Molds |
| Which unicellular fungal type reproduces via budding and makes pseudohyphae? | Yeast |
| True or False: Septate hyphae from mold contain cross-sections that can branch off and create spores | True |
| Define Mycelium | a mass of hyphae that signify mold development |
| What type of fungi are mold in nature, but transform into yeast once they enter the human body? | Dimorphic fungi |
| Which type of sexual spore is contained in a sac and can have a fruiting body called an ascocarp (a tree trunk-esque structure with spores)? | Ascospores |
| Describe a Zygospore | a dual-hyphae-fusion that resembles wings on a bird |
| What type of sexual spore has a club-shaped end of its cell and is formed from the fusion of two hyphae or two yeast cells | Basidiospore |
| What is known as the true spore? | Sporangiospore |
| Which class of fungi known for producing sporangium (which release spores) with aseptate hyphae | Zygomycetes (asexual) |
| What is clinically significant about Conidia | they are all molds with septate hyphae, and they are not produced by Zygomycetes |
| Describe Anthroconidia | conidia that formed from pre-existing hyphae that became segmented, making square/rectangular shapes |
| Define intercalary | conidia insterted along the hyphae |
| What type of conidia is known for having terminal or intercalary conidia that are round, thick-walled, and reflective under microscopic viewing | Chlamydoconidia |
| What type of conidia aids in identifying dermatophytes? Describe its features | Macroconidia; large, multinucleated cells that are either attached to hyphae or free floating |
| Microconidia are small, single celled conidia that are often (blank) to the hyphae | attached |
| Why is KOH used to do a direct examination of fungal cultures | it digests cells or mucous with 10% KOH to isolate the fungi for microscopic analysis |
| Which direct smear technique binds to the fungi's polysaccharide cell wall to cause fluorescence when exposed to UV lighting? | Calcofluor White Stain |
| What is the purpose of an India Ink Prep? | it is a negative stain that, if positive, should have a clear, refractile spaces that signify the capsules of Cryptococcus neoformans in CSF |
| What stain detects C. neoformans in tissues? | Alcian Blue/Mucicarmine |
| The Giemsa stain is used to | view yeast in blood/bone marrow smears |
| Dimorphic fungi in body fluids and patient sputum can be visualized via (blank) stain | Papanicolaou stain |
| Why are media for fungal cultures considered nutritionally poor? | the less food fungi have, it increases the likelihood of spore formation |
| (blank) air and incubation at (blank) are the most optimal for mold growth | Ambient; 25-30 degrees Celsius |
| What is the purpose of Cornmeal agar? | observe blastoconidia and pseudophyphae |
| What do Cornmeal agar and Potato Dextrose agar have in common? | they contain very basic ingredient that allow fungi to survive |
| Describe a Tease Prep | you take a sample of the fungal culture, add a drop of LCB, then tease it apart with dissecting needles and add a coverslip to view hyphae, conidia, and spores |
| Define a wooly/cotton texture of a mold culture | high amount of aerial mycelium |
| A fungus with low, but dense mycelium can be described as | velvety |
| Define glaborous | fungus with a waxy look and no aerial mycelium |
| What term describes a fungus with flat mycelia and high conidia quantity | powedery/granular |
| Ringworm infections can be referred to as intertriginous infections, which means | the infection is chaffed due to constant rubbing |
| Describe a Dermatophyte | a fungi that causes cutaneous infections in the outermost keratin layer of hair, skin, and nails. it triggers an inflammatory response within the body, rather than causing deep tissue damage |
| True or false: Dermatophytes thrive in warm, moist environments | true! |
| Tinea unguium affects which body part | nails |
| Tinea cruris affects which body part | buttocks |
| Tinea Barbae= | inflammation of facial hair/beard area |
| What type of ringworm-common in kids-is a mycelium scalp infection that can be detected using the bright green (green is positive) fluorescence of Wool's lamp | Tinea capitis |
| Endothrix= | arthroconidia and hyphae are present within the hair shaft |
| Ectothrix= | Tinea capitis infection that is localized to the outer hair surface |
| Describe Gray Patch Ringworm | an ectothrix infection caused by the Microsporum spp. |
| Which endothrix ringworm infection caused by Trichophyton makes the hair shaft become brittle and break off? | Black Dot Ringworm |
| What fungi is described as a spaghetti and meatballs arrangement? What condition does it cause, and what demographic is typically affected by this? | Malassezia furfur; it causes Tinea Versicolor, producing "sun spot" skin discoloration on the bodies of children being treated for nutritional deficiencies |
| True or False: Malassezia furfur requires carbohydrates to grow | false; lipids |
| What dematiaceous fungi causes Tinea Nigra, or dark brown, ringworm lesions along the palms and feet (palmaris) | Hortaea werneckii |
| Define "Dematiaceous" | fungi that have hyphae with brown pigment in its cell wall |
| What would H. werneckii look like on a direct smear | microconidia with dark brown, septate hyphae |
| Describe Piedraia hortae | this is a dematiaceous dermatophyte that [upon KOH prep examination] can have packed hyphae, asci/ascopsores, chlamydoconidia. |
| Piedraia hortae is responsible for causing what condition that is known for its clicking sound upon running a comb through the hair | Black Piedra |
| What fungi is responsible for causing White Piedra, or the formation of loose fungal hyphae mass with arthroconidia at the hair shaft? | Trichosporan beigelii |
| What two organisms are most likely to cause an endothrix infection? | Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton violaceum |
| Which type of fungal agar is ideal for dermatophytes? Why? | Sabouraud's agar; it promotes growth by utilizing inhibitory agents |
| Which type of fungal agar can be used to enhance the pigment of a fungal culture? | Cornmeal agar |
| Describe what Microsporum canis looks like on a plate and in a slide | front is white, reverse of colonies is yellow; its microconidia are small and tear shaped, while its macroconidia are spindle shaped with thick walls, usually containing 4 or more cells |
| What are the main three types of dermatophytes? | Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Trichophyton |
| Which type of dermatophyte has macroconidia and affects the skins and nails? Describe its species, floccosum. | Epidermophyton; beaver-tailed with 2-4 cells, umbonate, white front and yellow |
| What type of dermatophyte has macroconidia, and it affects the skin and hair? | Microsporum |
| Describe Microsporum audouinii | macroconidia that has pectinate (comb-shaped) hyphae, intercalalry chlamydoconidia, white front and salmon reverse |
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