Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Pioneering "father" of optical microscopy who observed microbes ("animalcules") using early single-lens devices.

Method using a field diaphragm and condenser annulus to generate even illumination and eliminate optical artifacts.

Phase Contrast Microscopy

Technique invented by Frits Zernike that uses an annular ring to visualize living, unstained specimens.

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)

Microscopy technique that uses two birefringent crystal wedges called Nomarski prisms to generate high contrast[cite: 3].

Fluorescence imaging technique using dichroic mirrors and a pinhole (often 1 Airy unit) to eliminate out-of-focus light in z-stacks[cite: 2, 3, 9].

Liquid matching the refractive index of glass used on high-power objective lenses to maximize numerical aperture.

2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Awarded for Cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM), where biomolecules are vitrified in liquid ethane to image structures without crystallization.

Sample preparation process for SEM where non-conductive specimens are coated in a thin layer of gold or gold-palladium alloy.

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

Form of electron microscopy where electrons pass through ultrathin samples cut with an ultramicrotome.

Everhart-Thornley Detector

Scintillator-based detector housed in a Faraday cage used to detect secondary electrons in SEM.

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

Nobel-winning device invented by Binnig and Rohrer that uses a conducting tip to measure tunneling current across a bias voltage.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Technique measuring surface topography via the laser deflection of a flexible microcantilever beam; uses contact, non-contact, and tapping modes.

Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM)

Variant of AFM that rasters a probe over a surface to measure the work function.

Open-source software framework (based on FIJI) used to control optical microscopes and manage ND2 or CZI image files[cite: 2].

Super-Resolution Microscopy

Class of optical techniques including STED, PALM, and STORM that bypass the Ernst Abbe diffraction limit[cite: 9].

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Microscopes

Microscope Notes

Question	Answer
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	Pioneering "father" of optical microscopy who observed microbes ("animalcules") using early single-lens devices.
Köhler Illumination	Method using a field diaphragm and condenser annulus to generate even illumination and eliminate optical artifacts.
Phase Contrast Microscopy	Technique invented by Frits Zernike that uses an annular ring to visualize living, unstained specimens.
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)	Microscopy technique that uses two birefringent crystal wedges called Nomarski prisms to generate high contrast[cite: 3].
Confocal Microscopy	Fluorescence imaging technique using dichroic mirrors and a pinhole (often 1 Airy unit) to eliminate out-of-focus light in z-stacks[cite: 2, 3, 9].
Immersion Oil	Liquid matching the refractive index of glass used on high-power objective lenses to maximize numerical aperture.
2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry	Awarded for Cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM), where biomolecules are vitrified in liquid ethane to image structures without crystallization.
Sputter Coating	Sample preparation process for SEM where non-conductive specimens are coated in a thin layer of gold or gold-palladium alloy.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)	Form of electron microscopy where electrons pass through ultrathin samples cut with an ultramicrotome.
Everhart-Thornley Detector	Scintillator-based detector housed in a Faraday cage used to detect secondary electrons in SEM.
Quantum Tunneling
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)	Nobel-winning device invented by Binnig and Rohrer that uses a conducting tip to measure tunneling current across a bias voltage.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)	Technique measuring surface topography via the laser deflection of a flexible microcantilever beam; uses contact, non-contact, and tapping modes.
Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM)	Variant of AFM that rasters a probe over a surface to measure the work function.
Micro-Manager	Open-source software framework (based on FIJI) used to control optical microscopes and manage ND2 or CZI image files[cite: 2].
Super-Resolution Microscopy	Class of optical techniques including STED, PALM, and STORM that bypass the Ernst Abbe diffraction limit[cite: 9].

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