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Neuro Exam 1.2
CSDI 4440 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where is the spinal cord housed? | the boney vertebral column |
| What are the five sections of the spinal cord? | cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal |
| Where do spinal nerves emerge from? | the spinal cord |
| What are the four fiber types in the spinal cord? | GSE, GVE, GSA, GVA |
| What does GSE fiber stand for? | general somatic efferent fiber |
| What does GVE fiber stand for? | general visceral efferent fiber |
| What does GSA fiber stand for? | general somatic afferent fiber |
| What does GVA fiber stand for? | general visceral afferent fiber |
| What does somatic generally reference? | skin and skeletal muscles |
| What does visceral generally reference? | organs and smooth muscle |
| What is the lateral corticospinal tract responsible for? | contralateral movement of the body |
| What is the corticobulbar tract responsible for? | contralateral movement of muscles in the head and neck |
| Where is the corticobulbar tract located? | in the lateral corticospinal tract from the cortex to the brainstem |
| What is the ventral corticospinal tract responsible for? | controls trunk muscles |
| What is considered the trunk of the body? | from the shoulders to the hips |
| What is the rubrospinal tract responsible for? | modulates flexor tone in upper extremities |
| What is flexor tone? | the amount of tension present in muscles when a joint is flexed |
| Which tract is the opposite of the rubrospinal tract? | the vestibulospinal tract |
| What is the vestibulospinal tract responsible for? | controls the amount of tensor tone in an extended joint |
| What is tensor tone? | the amount of tension present in muscles when a joint is extended |
| What are first order neurons? | neurons that carry sensory signals from the sense receptors (PNS) to the CNS (afferent) |
| What are second order neurons? | neurons that decussate from one side of the CNS to the other side and input into the thalamus |
| What does decussate mean? | cross over |
| What are third order neurons? | neurons that route sensory information to the appropriate sensory processing area in the cerebral cortex |
| What are the dorsal columns responsible for? | fine and discriminative touch, pressure, and proprioceptive sensory information |
| What is proprioceptive sensory information? | knowing where your hand is relative to your body while throwing a ball |
| What are the two portions of the spinothalamic tracts? | ventral and lateral |
| What are the spinothalamic tracts responsible for? | pain, temperature, and light/crude touch |
| What is crude touch? | the general awareness of touch |
| What are the spinocerebellar tracts responsible for? | convey proprioceptive information to the cerebellum |
| What is the spinal cord function? | to related efferent and afferent information between the body and the brain |
| What is the reflex arc? | the way the body moves without going through the cerebral cortex |
| What does efferent mean? | starting at the brain and moving to the body |
| What does afferent mean? | starting in the body and moving to the brain |
| What does -paresis mean? | partial weakness |
| What does -plegia mean? | total weakness |
| What does para- refer to? | the legs |
| What does quadri- refer to? | the arms and legs |
| What causes spina bifida? | neural tube defect that occurs during development in the womb |
| What is the result of spina bifida? | damage to the lower spinal cord, possible paraparesis and bowel or bladder issues |
| What causes Myelitis? | viruses. bacteria, fungi, parasites, and toxic agents (lead poisoning) |
| What is the result of Myelitis? | inflammation of the spinal cord |
| What is gray matter associated with? | motor skills |
| What is white matter associated with? | sensory skills |
| What causes peripheral neuropathy? | untreated diabetes, toxins, infections, and nutritional issues |
| What is the result of peripheral neuropathy? | inflammation of the peripheral nervous system, results in degeneration of the spinal nerves, typically in feet |
| What is paresthesia? | the feeling when your foot falls asleep (numbness/tingling) |
| What is the order of the brainstem from top to bottom? | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| What is anterior to the pons and medulla? | the cerebellum |
| What is inferior to the medulla? | the spinal cord |
| What cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain? | III, IV |
| What cranial nerves are associated with the pons? | V, VI, VII, VIII |
| What cranial nerves are associated with the medulla? | IX, X, XI, XII |
| What are the functions of the brainstem? | regulating major life functions (heart beat, respiration), mediating head and neck reflexes (gag), and regulating alertness and wakefulness |
| What fibers are associated with the cranial nerves? | SSA, SVE, SVA, GSE, GVE, GSA, GVA |
| What is the SSA fiber? | special somatic afferent fiber |
| What is the SVE fiber? | special visceral efferent fiber |
| What is the SVA fiber? | special visceral afferent fiber |
| What is cranial nerve I? | olfactory |
| What is cranial nerve II? | optic |
| What is cranial nerve III | oculomotor |
| What is cranial nerve IV? | trochlear |
| What is cranial nerve V? | trigeminal |
| What is cranial nerve VI? | Abducens |
| What is cranial nerve VII? | facial |
| What is cranial nerve VIII? | auditory/vestibulocochlear |
| What is cranial nerve IV? | glossopharyngeal |
| What is cranial nerve X? | Vaugs |
| What is cranial nerve XI? | Spinal Accessory |
| What is cranial nerve XII? | Hypoglossal |
| What are the major cerebellar pathways? | vestibulocerebellar, vermal spinocerebellar, paravermal spinocerebellar, and pontocerebellar |
| What is the function of the vestibulocerebellar pathway? | overall body posture and balance; coordination of eye movement |
| What is the function of the vermal spinocerebellar pathway? | trunk and girdle muscle tone and posture |
| What is the function of the paravermal spinocerebellar pathway? | distal muscle group tone and posture |
| What is the function of the pontocerebellar pathway? | planning, initiating, and timing of volitional motor activity |
| What are the motor functions of the cerebellum? | helps in planning, monitoring, and correction of motor movement via sensory feedback, coordinates fine motor activity, monitors head/body position, participates in learning of new motor skills |
| What is the linguistic function of the cerebellum? | perception of speech/language, verbal working memory, verbal fluency, grammar processing, writing, and reading |
| What is ataxia? | discoordinated, clumsy movements |
| What is dysmetria?? | over or under shooting touching a mark |
| What is dysdiadochokinesia? | inability to perform rapid, alternating movements of hand or mouth |
| What is nystagmus? | fast, involuntary eye movements either side to side or up and down |
| What is ataxia dysarthria? | slurred or scanning (broken into syllables) speech |
| What is hypotonia? | reduced muscle tone and reflexes; muscle tire |
| What is cerebellar hemispheral syndrome? | caused by stroke, tumor, and MS. Affects the ipsilateral limbs causing tremor, dysmetria, and dysdiadochokinesia |
| What is vermal syndrome? | damage to vermis, causes are stroke, tumor, MS, and other degenerative disorder. Affects trunk muscles causing unsteadiness, tremor, postural issues, and gait ataxia |
| What is Friedreich ataxia? | inherited, progressive disorder that follows autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Symptoms start at 8-14, progressive muscle weakness, loss of coordination, dysmetria, dysarthria, curvature of spine, vision/hearing issues |
| Where is the diencephalon located? | between the cerebrum and the brain stem above the midbrain |
| What does subcortical mean? | underneath the outer layer of the brain |
| What are the four parts of the diencephalon? | thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus |
| What is the diencephalon made up of? | gray matter |
| What is the location of the thalamus? | sits above the brain stem |
| What is the gateway to the cerebral cortex? | the thalamus |
| What is the function of the thalamus? | relays sensory (except smell); perception of pain, temp, touch; sense of pleasantness and noxiousness; maintains cortical arousal, attention, and sleep-wake cycle |
| What thalamic nuclei are important to speech and hearing? | Ventral anterior, ventral lateral, ventral posterior medial, medial geniculate body |
| What is the input of the Ventral Anterior Nuclei (VA) and the ventral lateral nuclei (VL)? | the basil ganglia and cerebellum |
| What is the projection of the Ventral Anterior nuclei (VA)? | pre-motor cortex |
| What is the function of the Ventral Anterior nuclei (VA)? | motor planning |
| What is the projection of the Ventral lateral nuclei (VL)? | primary motor cortex |
| What is the function of the Ventral Lateral nuclei (VL)? | execute movements |
| What is the input of the Ventral Posterior Lateral nuclei (VPL)? | medial lamniscus and the spinal thalamic tract |
| What is the projection of the Ventral Posterior Lateral nuclei (VPL) and Ventral Posterior Medial nuclei (VPM)? | post central gyrus |
| What is the function of the Ventral Posterior Lateral nuclei (VPL)? | pain, temperature, crude touch |
| What is the input of the Ventral Posterior Medial nuclei (VPM)? | trigeminothalamic tract |
| What cranial nerves are associated with the Ventral Posterior Medial nuclei (VPM)? | V, VII, IX, X |
| What is the function of the Ventral Posterior Medial nuclei (VPM)? | pain, temperature, and crude tough in the face |
| What is the input of the Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)? | the midbrain |
| What is the projection of the Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)? | the primary auditory corext |
| What is the function of the Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)? | Relaying auditory information |
| What is Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome also known as? | thalamic pain syndrome |
| What is the cause of Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome? | damage to the thalamus |
| What are the symptoms of Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome? | hemiparesis/hemiplegia, pain, slight ataxia |
| What is thalmic aphasia? | fluent verbal output with semantic paraphasias, mild auditory comprehension issues, mild to normal repeating skills |
| Where is the pituitary gland? | in the hypothalamus |
| What is the function of the hypothalamus? | autonomic nervous system control, metabolism, water valance, sleep-wake mechanism, body temp, food intake regulation, secondary sex characteristics |
| Where is the hypothalamus? | Anterior and Ventral surface of the thalamas |
| What two systems does the Hypothalamus connect? | the nervous and endocrine system |
| What is the cause of Cushing's disease? | a tumor on the pituitary gland |
| What are the symptoms of Cushing's? | moon facies, emotional disturbances, osteoporosis, hypertension, buffalo hump, obesity, amenorrhea, muscle weakness, abdominal stripes, high cortisol |
| What is moon facies? | a round, puffy face |
| What is Acromegaly? | extreme largeness due to too much human growth hormone from the pituitary gland |
| What are the symptoms of Acromegaly? | large stature, large nose and jaw, large hands, hypertension, and peripheral neuropathy |
| Where is the epithalamus located? | superior and posterior to the thalamus |
| What does the epithalamus connect? | the limbic system to the forebrain and other parts of the brain |
| How does the epithalamus connect the brain? | it interconnects brain structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory |
| What are the parts of the epithalamus? | pineal gland, habenula, stria medullaris |
| What is the function of the pineal gland? | produces melatonin |
| What is the function of the habenula? | group of nuclei involved in olfactory reflexes |
| What is the function of the epithalamus? | sleep-wake cycle, olfactory reflexes |
| Where is the subthalamus located? | lies below the thalams |
| What does the subthalamus connect? | basal ganglia to the motor cortex (more related to basal ganglia than thalamus) |
| What can damage the the subthalamus result in? | hemiballismus |
| What is hemiballismus? | involuntary, violent moving of the limbs on one side of the body |
| What is the Basal ganglia involved in? | movement |
Created by:
hrshook0104
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