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Neuro Exam 1.1
CSDI 4440 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Neuroanatomy? | the study of the nervous system's structures |
| What is neurophysiology? | the study of the nervous system's functions |
| What is Neuropathology? | the study of nervous system diseases |
| What is neurosurgery? | the removal of repair of structures that impair normal nervous system functioning |
| What is neuroradiology? | the use of radiation therapy for nervous system tumors |
| What is neuroembryology? | normal and pathological development of the nervous system |
| What makes up the central nervous system? | the brain and spinal cord |
| What makes up the peripheral nervous system? | spinal nerves and cranial nerves |
| What is the social term for impairment? | function barriers |
| What is the social model term for disability? | activity barriers |
| What is the social model term for handicap? | participation barriers |
| What is incidence? | the number of cases within a specific time period |
| What is prevalence? | the total number of cases |
| What is trephination? | the process of cutting holes into the skull using a trephine (sharp stone) |
| What did the Egyptians believe about mental functions? | they were localized in the heart (cardio-centrists) |
| What did the Greeks believe about the brain? | damage to one side of the head results in problems on the other side, and localization |
| Who was the first person to create detailed drawings of the brain? | Andreas Vesalius |
| Who taught phrenology? | Franz Josef Gall |
| Who opposed Gall's views of phrenology? | Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens |
| Who theorized speaking was localized to the left front of the brain? | Paul Broca |
| Who theorized understanding localized to the left, back of the brain | Karl Wernicke |
| Who were important connectionist in the 20th centery | Roman Jakobson, A. R. Luria, Norman Geschwind, Harold Good glass, and Andrew Kertesz |
| Who were important holists in the 20th century? | John Hughlings Jackson, Pierre Marie, Henry Head, Kurt Goldstein |
| What is structural imaging? | viewing the anatomy of the brain |
| What is functional imaging? | viewing the physiology of the brain |
| What is the full name of a CT scan? | Computed/Computerized tomography |
| What is a CT scan? | uses x-ray beams that reflect off the body's tissue with more reflection of dense tissue (bones), creates a 2D image that can be rendered into 3D |
| What are the positives of CT? | commonly used, easily accessible, inexpensive, quick processing time |
| What are the negatives of CT? | use of x-rays (cancer risk), shows structures only, difficulty observing new damage, clarity of images |
| What is the name of an MRI? | magnetic resonance imaging |
| What is an MRI? | magnetic current applied to the body that flips protons in the body's water molecules |
| What are the positives of MRI? | much better images, images in multiple dimensions, no x0rays, no preparation needed |
| What are the negatives of an MRI? | more expensive than CT, patients with metal in body, patients must be still, patients with claustrophobia will struggle |
| What is angiography? | a method of imaging the structure of the vascular system by injecting iodine and x-raying |
| What are the positives of Angiography? | excellent images of vascular system, assessment and treatment can be completed in the same session |
| What are the negatives of angiography? | invasive, risk of bleeding/bruising/clotting/swelling, uses x-rays/radiation |
| What are examples of structural imaging? | CT and MRI |
| What is spatial resolution? | the location of braina ctivity when a stimulus is introduced |
| What is temporal resolution? | the time between a stimulus being presented and the brain's response to that stimulus |
| What are examples of functional imagine? | PET scan, EEG, MEG |
| What is the name of a PET scan? | Positron emission tomography |
| What is a PET scan? | image based on glucose metabolism in the brain. uses radioisotope, emitted radiation is detected and an image is formed from it |
| What are the positives of PET? | good image location of braina ctivity |
| What are the negatives of PET? | invasive procedure (injection), radioactive material used, more expensive than CT and MRI |
| What is the name of an EEG? | electroencephalography |
| What is the name of an MEG? | magnetoencephalography |
| What do EEG and MEGs do? | show electrical responses to a particular stimulus (visual, auditory, somatosensory, olfactory) |
| What are the positives of an EEG and MEG? | low cost, readily available, good information of brain function |
| What are the negatives of an EEG and MEG? | no image is created |
| What is the name of an fMRI? | functional magnetic resonance imaging |
| What is the critical element of an fMRI? | blood oxygenation in brain during introduction of a stimulus, no contrast needed |
| What are the positives of an fMRI? | can see structure and function at the same time, safe because on contrast is needed |
| What are the negatives of an fMRI? | expensive, not widespread |
| What are the spatial resolutions ranked best to worst | fMRI, PET, EEG/MEG |
| What are the temporal resolution ranked best to worst? | EEG/MEG, fMRI, PET |
| What is the anatomical position? | body erect, palms out, arms forward, face forward |
| What is a coronal section? | divides into front and back portions |
| What is a sagittal section? | divides into left and right portions |
| What is a transverse section? | divides into upper and lower |
| What does superior/cranial mean? | from a high position |
| What does inferior/caudal mean? | from a low position |
| What does anterior/ventral mean? | toward the stomach |
| what does posterior/dorsal mean? | toward the back |
| What does lateral mean? | away from body's midline |
| What does medial mean? | toward body's midline |
| What does proximal mean? | point nearest limb's attachment |
| What does distal mean? | point farthest from limb's attachment |
| What does peripheral mean? | toward outer surface |
| What does central mean? | on the same side |
| What does contralateral mean? | on the opposite side |
| What does abduction mean? | moving structures apart |
| What does adduction mean? | bringing structures together |
| What is flexion? | bending a joint |
| What is extension? | straightening out a joint |
| What is supine? | face/ventral surface up |
| What is pronate? | face/ventral surface down |
| Who invented the microscope? | Anton Leeuwenhoek |
| Who proposed cell theory? | Matthias Schledien and Theodore Schwann |
| What is cell theory? | all organic beings are composed of individual cells |
| Who developed staining method that allowed seeing the whole neuron? | Camillo Golgi |
| Who refined Golgi's staining method and found that neurons do not touch? | Santiago Ramon y Cajal |
| WHo propose the law of specific nerve energies? | Johannes Muller |
| What is the law of specific nerve energies | the origin of the sensation does not determine our sensory experience, but rather the pathway it is carried on |
| Who described the spaces between neurons and how our reflexes work? | Charles Sherrington |
| What are the four families of molecules? | simple sugars, fatty acids (lipids), amino acids, nucleuotied |
| What are simple sugars? | carbohydrates, power cell function |
| What are fatty acids (lipids) | make myelin and cell membrain |
| What are amino acids? | building blocks of proteins |
| What are nucleotides? | large molecules, make up DNA and RNA |
| What is the function of the membrane? | selectively permeable barrier |
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? | stores and delivers proteins |
| What is cytoplasm? | contents of the cell |
| What is the function of mitochondrion? | produce energy for the cell |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | genetic control center |
| What is the function of the nucleolus? | produces ribosomes |
| What is the function of centrioles? | ell division and microtubule formation |
| What is the function of lysosomes? | digest cell debris and bacteria |
| What is the function of microtubules? | cell framework and movement of cell parts |
| What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum? | rough Er produces proteins; smooth ER produces fatty acids, calcium, enzymes |
| Where are neurons located? | CNS and PNS |
| What cells are found in the CNS? | astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia |
| What cells are found in the PNS? | schwann cells and satellite cells |
| What is the function of neurons? | communication within nervous system and with organs/muscles/glands |
| What are neuronal cells? | neurons |
| What are glial (helper) cells? | astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia, Schwann cells, satellite cells |
| What is the function of astrocytes? | maintain neural environment, repair/feed neurons, modulate neural transmission, modulate breathing |
| What is the function of oligodendroglia and schwann cells? | produce myelin |
| What is the function of microglia? | scavenge debris and defend against foreign substances |
| What is the function of satellite cells? | maintain neural environment |
| What are neurites? | both dendrites and axons |
| What do dendrites do? | receive messages |
| What do axons do? | send messages |
| What is myselin? | white, fatty substance that coats acons |
| What are unipolar neurons? | has a single projection (axon), sensory in nature (touch/pain) |
| What are bipolar neurons? | has two projections (dendrite and axon), sensory for visual/hearing/etc |
| What are multipolar neurons | has many projections of axons and dendrites |
| What are the similarities of neurons and other cells? | have a membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and other organelles |
| What are the differences of neurons and other cells? | have specialized projections, communicate with each other through electrochemical process, can be long (several feet at times) |
| Do neurons regenerate? | They can, but only in certain conditions |
| What is the neuron doctrine #1? | the fundamental structure and unit of the nervous system is a neuron |
| What is the neuron doctrine #2? | neurons are discrete cells that are not continuous with other cells |
| What is the neuron doctrine #3? | the neuron has three parts (dendrites, axons, and cell body) |
| What is the neuron doctrine #4? | information flows along the neuron in one directions (dendrites to axon) |
| Which parts of the Neuron Doctrine are disputed? | 1, 2, 4 |
| What is the synapse? | the space between neurons where messages are sent |
| List the neurotransmitters. | acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, substance P |
| What is the function of acetylcholine? | muscle contraction in PNS; memory |
| What is the function of glutamate? | excitation of CNS |
| What is the function of GABA? | inhibits CNS activity |
| What is the function of dopamine? | motor control; brain reward system |
| What is the function of epinephrine? | excites heart; fight-or-flight response |
| What is the function of norepinephrine? | attention, alertness, mood |
| What is the function of Serotonin? | excites/inhibits nervous system |
| What is the function of substance P? | sensitizes to pain; causes inflammations |
| What is an axotomy? | crushing or cutting of an azom |
| What is the primary purpose of neuron function? | communication |
| What is efferent communication? | motor signals from CNS to PNS (descending) |
| What is afferent communication | sensory signals from PNS to CNS (ascending) |
| what are the two phases of communication in neurons? | electrical and chemical phase |
| What is involved in the electrical phase of neuronal communication | dendrites and axons |
| What is involved in the chemical phase of neuronal communication? | neurotransmitters and synaptic cleft |
| What type of energy are nerve impulses? | chemical-electrical energy |
| What is active transport? | moving with energy used |
| What is passive transport? | moving without energy used |
| What is polarization? | there is an action potential due to concentration and charge gradients |
| what does an ionotropic receptor do? | open and close ion gates in a rapid manner |
| What closes the gate of an ionotropic receptor? | GABA |
| What is the metabotropic receptor known for? | sending a slower signal, like dopamine |
| What is depolarization? | the equaling of gradients through passive transport |
| What is repolarization? | re-establishing the gradients through active transport |
| How does depolarization happen? | protein channels open and allow NA+ into the cell |
| How does repolarization happen? | the Na/K pump |
| What is the absolute refractory period? | Na+ channels inactivated, so new stimulation ahs no effect on the neuron |
| What is the relative refractory period? | the neuron will respond to new, very strong stimulation |
| What is intellectual disability? | sub-average intelligence (<70 IQ), occurs before age 18, substantial limitation in functioning, dendritic spine differences |
| What are the basic types of brain tumors? | benign (44%) and malignant (56%) |
| What is another name for brain tumors? | neuoplasms |
| What are the two origins for brain tumors? | primary and metastatic |
| What are the qualities of a benign tumor? | grow slowly, do not spread |
| What are the qualities of a malignant tumor? | grow quickly, spread |
| What are the qualities of a primary brain tumor? | started in the brain |
| What are the qualities of metastatic tumors? | started elsewhere, spread to brain |
| What is a malignant tumor of the neuron? | neuroma |
| What is a malignant tumor of glial cells? | Gliomas |
| What are other types of malignant tumors? | medulloblastoma, meningioma |
| What are the qualities of ALS? | motor neurons disorder, withering of upper/lower motor neurons, 10% cases inherited w/the rest unknown, onset 40-60 y/o, most die in 3-5 years, no cure |
| What does ALS stand for? | AMyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| What is Multiple Sclerosis? | autoimmune disorder with unknown causes, myelin is damaged, no cure, medication can suppress symtoms |
| What are the types of MS? | Progressive-relapsing, secondary progressive, primary progressive, relapsing-remitting |
| What is Myasthenia Gravis (MG) | neurological disease of the neuromuscular junction, ACh receptors blocked by antibodies, affects women in their 30s and men in 50s, weakness and fatigue, no cure |
| What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome? | Rapid/progressive demyelinating PNS disease, common form in autoimmune, progressive paralysis over 1 month, but recovers over weeks/months, some see complete recovery, at most serious a ventilator is needed, no cure |
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