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CFDA (IN) All Vocab
Computing Foundations for a Digital Age Indiana All Vocab in Course
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abstraction | focusing on the important information and ignoring irrelevant details |
| artificial intelligence (AI) | a technology that mimics human intelligence, performing tasks such as understanding language, recognizing patterns, and making decisions |
| probability | the likelihood that a specific outcome might occur |
| prompt | a question, instruction, scenario, or statement provided by the user to guide the AI's response |
| multimodal model | an AI system that can process information from multiple types of input |
| large language model (LLM) | a general purpose form of AI that is trained on a very, very large body of knowledge |
| neural network | an interconnected network that makes decisions using weights and hidden layers. It is used to represent the relationship between words |
| training | the process of teaching an AI model by exposing it to large amounts of data, allowing it to learn patterns, improve accuracy, and refine its predictions over time |
| training data | the structured or unstructured information, such as text, images, or code, used to train an AI model and shape its ability to recognize patterns and generate accurate responses |
| hallucination | when the model makes up false or misleading information that sounds real but isn’t true |
| context | additional information or data surrounding a prompt or query that helps the AI generate more accurate and relevant responses |
| contradiction | when an AI generates conflicting or opposing responses based on a similar input, making it impossible for both responses to be correct at the same time |
| AI bias | when a model favors certain information over others |
| alignment | ensuring an AI system’s goals and outputs match human values, fairness, and safety |
| prompt engineering | the process of creating precise and effective prompts to guide generative AI models |
| co-creating | humans and AI working together, with humans providing creativity and direction, while AI assists by processing data, generating suggestions, or automating tasks |
| attribution | the act of giving credit to the original creator of a work, especially in the context of using or referencing their material |
| copyright | the legal right granted to the creator of an original work to use, distribute, and modify it |
| ethics | a guide for responsible choices about emerging technologies, ensuring privacy, consent, and safety for everyone |
| transparency | the practice of openly disclosing how something works, especially in terms of decision-making, data use, or AI processes |
| computer system | a combination of hardware and software components that work together to input, process, store, and output information |
| hardware | physical components of a computer |
| input devices | send information to the computer |
| output devices | display information from the computer |
| processing components | handle all the calculations and instructions that allow a computer to function |
| storage | holds data both temporarily for quick access and permanently to save files, applications, and the operating system |
| decomposition | breaking a larger problem into smaller, more manageable parts |
| troubleshooting | a form of problem solving that involves using a logical and systematic search for the source of a problem |
| optimization | the process of making something run better even if it’s working |
| troubleshooting | a form of problem solving that involves using a logical and systematic search for the source of a problem |
| PC build | a custom-assembled computer made from individually selected parts, designed specifically for gaming, work, or other tasks |
| data | information that is collected, stored, and used to understand and solve problems |
| sensor | a device that detects and measures physical properties from its surroundings and converts them into data that can be processed or analyzed |
| aggregate | combining data to show a summary, like totals or averages |
| sort | organizing data in a specific order, like A to Z or biggest to smallest |
| filter | a tool or process used to select specific data points from a larger set based on certain criteria or conditions |
| Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) | a processor made for one specific task |
| Central Processing Unit (CPU) | a general-purpose processor found in most computers |
| Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) | a processor you can customize for specific tasks |
| Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) | a processor that processes many calculations in parallel |
| Internet of Things (IoT) | a network of smart devices that connect and share data over the Internet |
| user testing | a process where real people try a product, give feedback, and help improve it before it’s released. |
| ethics | a guide for responsible choices about emerging technologies, ensuring privacy, consent, and safety for everyone |
| Internet tower | a piece of infrastructure that sends and receives wireless signals |
| router | a type of computer that forwards data across a network |
| server | a powerful computer that stores and delivers websites, files, and messages when requested by a user |
| switch | a component that helps send data to the right place inside a local network |
| Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) | a protocol that ensures that all parts of a message are received and ordered correctly |
| IP address | a unique number assigned to each device on a network |
| redundancy | having multiple paths so information can still get through if something gets wrong |
| User Datagram Protocol (UDP) | a protocol that focuses on speed and does not guarantee all packets arrive |
| Domain Name System (DNS) | a system that translates human-friendly website names (like www.example.com) into numerical IP addresses that computers use to find and communicate with each other on the Internet |
| HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) | a protocol that allows computers to request and share web content, like webpages, images, and videos |
| net neutrality | the idea that all websites and online services should be treated equally by Internet providers |
| digital divide | the gap between people who have easy access to the Internet and technology and those who do not, often due to differences in income, location, or resources |
| cybersecurity | the practice of protecting computers, networks, and personal data from being stolen, changed, or damaged |
| malware | software intended to damage a computing system or to take partial control over its operation |
| threat | any potential cause of harm to a computer system or network |
| vulnerability | a weakness in a system that could be exploited by an attacker |
| phishing | a technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information. That personal information can then be used to access sensitive online resources, such as bank accounts and emails |
| attack | a malicious activity aimed at disrupting, damaging, destroying or gaining unauthorized access to information systems, networks or the data they contain |
| deepfake | a video or audio that has been manipulated using AI to look or sound like a real person |
| smishing | a type of phishing that happens over text message (SMS) |
| social engineering | manipulating people into giving up private information or doing something risky |
| vishing | a type of phishing that happens over phone call or voicemail |
| CIA Triad | a set of core rules for protecting information and stands for Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability |
| availability | making information accessible to the people who need it, when they need it |
| confidentiality | keeping information private so only the right people can see it |
| integrity | ensuring that information stays correct and hasn't been changed without permission |
| AAA tools | a set of tools used in cybersecurity to help systems protect information and manage what users can do |
| accounting | when a system keeps track of what users do so suspicious activity can be detected and reviewed |
| authentication | the process a system uses to check that you are who you say you are |
| authorization | rules a system uses to decide what you’re allowed to do once you’re logged in |
| decryption | a process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text |
| encryption | a process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it |
| asymmetric encryption | encryption that uses two different keys: a public key to lock the message and a private key to unlock it |
| symmetric encryption | encryption where the same key is used to lock and unlock the message |
| layered defense | using multiple, independent security features to protect systems and data |
| data | information that is collected, stored, and used to understand and solve problems |
| data science | making meaning from data |
| attribute | a column in a spreadsheet |
| case | a row of data in a spreadsheet |
| cells | data in a spreadsheet is organized in boxes |
| data question | a question that can be answered by the data |
| sample size | the total number of cases |
| spreadsheet | a large data table on a computer |
| bias | when our data or the way we analyze it favors certain outcomes over others |
| data collection | the process of gathering and recording information from different sources |
| data ethics | the set of guidelines that ensure the responsible use, collection, and sharing of data while respecting privacy, consent, and fairness |
| data rights | rules that make sure a person's information is used safely and fairly |
| data storytelling | presenting visualizations and narratives to a specific audience for an expository or persuasive purpose |
| expository data story | tells a story about a person, place, thing, or event using data |
| persuasive data story | attempts to convince the audience of a stance based on evidence from data and visualizations |
| pie chart | represents data in a circular form, showing how a whole group is broken down into different parts or categories. |
| bar chart | a graph that uses rectangular bars to represent frequency or count |
| data visualization | a graphical representation of information and data |
| filter | a tool or process used to select specific data points from a larger set based on certain criteria or conditions |
| bell curve | a symmetric, bell-shaped curve with most data points clustered around the center |
| bimodal curve | shows a distribution with two distinct peaks |
| data cleaning | the process of making data useful by deleting doubles or blanks, creating categories, and editing spelling errors |
| measures of center | represent the central point or typical value of a data set |
| shape of distribution | how data values are spread out and how they form a pattern when visualized on a graph |
| skewed distribution - | occurs when the data stretches out more on one side than the other |
| outlier | a data point that significantly differs from other data points |
| pattern | a consistent or recurring sequence that can be observed and predicted |
| trend | the general direction in which data points are heading over a period of time |
| histogram | a data visualization that organizes a group of data points into user-specified ranges |
| scatter plot | a graph that uses dots to represent the values of two different variables |
| emerging technology | new or evolving technologies that solve problems or create opportunities in various fields, such as AI, robotics, or augmented reality |
| abstraction | focusing on the important information and ignoring irrelevant details |
| computational thinking | a problem-solving approach that involves breaking problems down into smaller parts, recognizing patterns, focusing on important details, and creating step-by-step solutions that a computer or person can follow |
| decomposition | breaking a larger problem into smaller, more manageable parts |
| algorithm | a set of instructions to accomplish a task that usually involves sequence, selection, and iteration |
| data type | the format of the data that can be stored in a variable |
| debug | to find out why your code isn't working and fix the problem so your program runs the way you expect |
| snake_case | a naming style where all letters are lowercase and words are separated by underscores |
| variable | a container that stores a value in memory |
| class | a blueprint or set of instructions for creating something that can do specific tasks |
| method | an action that an object can do |
| object | something that has attributes (what it knows) and methods (what it can do) |
| pseudocode | a way to plan out your code using plain language |
| function | a named block of code that performs a task |
| argument | the actual value you pass into a function when you call it |
| module | a .py file that contains Python code |
| parameter | a placeholder in your function |
| condition | a rule that the computer checks to decide if it should keep going |
| loop | a way to tell a computer to repeat a set of instructions |
| conditional statement | a command that runs only if a certain condition is True, allowing a program to make decisions |
| bias | when our data or the way we analyze it favors certain outcomes over others |
| ethics | a guide for responsible choices about emerging technologies, ensuring privacy, consent, and safety for everyone |
| two-way selection | also known as an if/else statement, is where the program chooses one path or the other depending on the condition |
| expression | a combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value |
| assignment Operator | allows a program to change the value represented by a variable |
| variable | a named reference to a value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program |
| string | an ordered sequence of characters |
| Boolean value | a data type that is either true or false |
| comparison operators | <, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression |
| logical operator | NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value |
| conditional statement | affects the sequential flow of control by executing different statements based on the value of a Boolean expression |
| function | a named group of programming instructions; also referred to as a “procedure” |
| function call | a command that executes the code within a function |
| list | an ordered collection of elements |
| element | an individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index |
| index | a common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using numbers |
| iteration | a repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met |
| infinite loop | occurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true |
| traversal | the process of accessing each item in a list one at a time |
| data abstraction | manage complexity in programs by giving a collection of data a name without referencing the specific details of the representation |
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