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Reproductive Part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the primary topics covered under the female reproductive system? | The primary topics include reproductive anatomy, puberty and menopause, oogenesis, the sexual cycle, female sexual response, pregnancy and childbirth, and lactation. |
| What is the first main purpose of the female reproductive system? | Its first purpose is to produce and deliver gametes. |
| What is the second main purpose of the female reproductive system? | Its second purpose is to provide nutrition and room for fetal development. |
| What are the final two purposes of the female reproductive system? | The final purposes are to give birth and to nourish the infant. |
| Are male and female embryos physically different early in development? | No, male and female embryos are indistinguishable for the first 8 to 10 weeks of development. |
| What causes a fetus to develop female anatomy? | A female develops due to the absence of hormones, specifically the absence of testosterone and müllerian-inhibiting factor. |
| What happens to the male mesonephric duct in a developing female? | The absence of male hormones causes the degeneration of the male mesonephric duct. |
| Which gender is considered the developmental "default"? | The female is considered the "default" gender. |
| What does the phallus develop into in a female? | The phallus becomes the clitoris. |
| What do the urogenital folds and labioscrotal folds become in a female? | The urogenital folds develop into the labia minora, and the labioscrotal folds develop into the labia majora. |
| What structures does the paramesonephric duct develop into? | The paramesonephric duct develops into the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. |
| What are the two primary functions of the ovaries? | The ovaries produce eggs and female hormones. |
| What is the shape and size of an ovary? | It is an almond-shaped organ that measures 3 cm by 1.5 cm by 1 cm. |
| What type of capsule covers the ovary? | Like the testes, the ovary is covered by a tunica albuginea capsule. |
| What do the cortex and medulla of the ovary contain? | The cortex produces gametes, and the medulla contains blood vessels. |
| Where does each egg develop before it is released? | Each egg develops in its own fluid-filled follicle. |
| What is the process of releasing an egg called? | The egg is released by ovulation, which is the bursting of the follicle. |
| What ligament attaches the ovary to the uterus? | The ovary is attached to the uterus by the ovarian ligament. |
| What ligament attaches the ovary to the pelvic wall and what does it contain? | The suspensory ligament attaches it to the pelvic wall and contains the ovarian artery, vein, and nerves. |
| What structure anchors the ovary to the broad ligament? | The ovary is anchored to the broad ligament by the mesovarium. |
| What structures make up the female internal genitalia? | The internal genitalia consist of a duct system that includes the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. |
| What structures make up the female external genitalia? | The external genitalia include the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora. |
| Where are the external genitalia located? | The external genitalia occupy the perineum. |
| What is the function of the accessory glands beneath the skin? | The accessory glands beneath the skin provide lubrication. |
| What is the length and structure of a uterine tube? | It is a 10 cm long, muscular tube lined with ciliated cells. |
| What is the narrow portion of the uterine tube near the uterus called? | The portion near the uterus forms a narrow isthmus. |
| What is the middle portion of the uterine tube called? | The middle portion is called the body, or ampulla. |
| What does the distal end of the uterine tube flare into? | It flares distally into the infundibulum, which has fimbriae. |
| What ligament encloses the uterine tubes? | The uterine tubes are enclosed in the superior margin of the broad ligament, known as the mesosalpinx. |
| How is the physical appearance and position of the uterus described? | It is a thick-walled, pear-shaped muscular chamber that opens into the vagina and is tilted forward over the urinary bladder. |
| What openings does the uterus have? | It contains the internal and external os of the cervical canal, as well as openings into the uterine tubes in its two upper corners. |
| What is the domed portion of the uterus called? | The domed fundus sits above the body of the organ. |
| What is the external serosa layer of the uterine wall called? | The external serosa layer is called the perimetrium. |
| What is the middle muscular layer of the uterine wall called and how thick is it? | The middle muscular layer is the myometrium, which is 1 cm thick in a nonpregnant uterus. |
| What does the myometrium do? | The myometrium consists of smooth muscle running in all directions and produces labor contractions to expel the fetus during delivery. |
| What is the endometrium composed of? | The endometrium consists of a simple columnar epithelium plus a thick layer of compound tubular glands. |
| What is the stratum functionalis? | The stratum functionalis is the superficial two-thirds of the endometrium that is shed with each menstrual period. |
| What is the stratum basalis? | The stratum basalis is the deeper layer of the endometrium that regenerates a new stratum functionalis with each menstrual cycle. |
| What triggers menstrual flow? | Hormonal changes cause spiral artery vasoconstriction and the necrosis of the stratum functionalis, which leads to menstrual flow. |
| What are the dimensions and physical properties of the vagina? | The vagina is an 8 to 10 cm long, distensible muscular tube. |
| What are the three main functions of the vagina? | It allows for the discharge of menstrual fluid, the receipt of semen, and the birth of a baby. |
| What are the three tissue layers of the vagina? | The layers are the outer adventitia, the middle muscularis, and the inner mucosa. |
| How does the vaginal epithelium change from childhood to puberty? | In a child, the epithelium is simple cuboidal, but the estrogens of puberty transform it into stratified squamous epithelium through metaplasia. |
| Why does the vagina have an acidic pH? | Bacteria ferment the epithelial cells' glycogen into lactic acid, which produces an acidic vaginal pH. |
| How is the vagina positioned relative to other pelvic organs? | It is tilted posteriorly between the rectum and the urethra, with the urethra embedded in its anterior wall. |
| What is the hymen and how is it usually ruptured? | The hymen is a fold of vaginal mucosa that is generally ruptured by the first act of intercourse, if not previously ruptured by tampons, medical examinations, or strenuous exercise. |
| What does the term "vulva" or "pudendum" refer to? | It is the collective term for the female external genitalia. |
| What is the mons pubis? | The mons pubis is a mound of fat over the pubic symphysis. |
| What are the labia majora? | The labia majora are thick folds of skin that contain pubic hair. |
| What are the labia minora and what do they form? | The labia minora are more medial, thin, hairless folds that form the vestibule containing the urethral and vaginal openings, as well as a hoodlike prepuce over the clitoris. |
| What is the clitoris? | The clitoris is an erectile, sensory organ that is homologous to the glans penis of the male. |
| What are the vestibular bulbs? | The vestibular bulbs are erectile tissue located around the vagina. |
| What glands provide lubrication for the vestibule? | Paraurethral and greater and lesser vestibular glands, including Bartholin’s glands, open into the vestibule for lubrication. |
| What is the anatomical structure of the breasts? | They are a mound of tissue overlying the anterior rib cage, featuring a conical body with a nipple at its apex. |
| What does the axillary tail of the breast contain? | The axillary tail in the armpit contains many lymphatic vessels, which are an important route of metastasis for breast cancer. |
| What happens to the areola during pregnancy? | Melanocytes darken the areola during pregnancy. |
| How does the nipple respond to cold, touch, and arousal? | Smooth muscle contracts, wrinkling the skin and erecting the nipple in response to these stimuli. |
| What attaches the breast to the skin and muscle? | Suspensory ligaments attach it to the skin and muscle. |
| What is the composition of a nonlactating breast? | If nonlactating, it contains little glandular tissue and consists mainly of a system of branching ducts and adipose tissue. |
| How common is breast cancer in American women? | It affects 1 out of every 8 or 9 American women and is a leading cause of female mortality. |
| Where do breast tumors typically begin? | Tumors begin with cells from the mammary ducts. |
| What are the physical symptoms of breast cancer? | Symptoms may include a palpable lump, skin puckering (peau d'orange), skin texture changes, and drainage from the nipple. |
| Is most breast cancer hereditary? | Most breast cancer is nonhereditary, and 75% of cases are stimulated by estrogen. |
| What are the risk factors for breast cancer? | Risk factors include aging, ionizing radiation, carcinogenic chemicals, alcohol, smoking, and fat intake, though 70% of patients lack risk factors. |
| What are the primary screening and treatment options for breast cancer? | Detection involves breast self-examination and mammograms, while treatments include lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, or radical mastectomy. |
| At what age does puberty typically begin for most girls in the U.S.? | It begins at age 8 to 10 for most girls. |
| What hormone triggers puberty? | Puberty is triggered by rising levels of GnRH, which stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary to produce FSH and LH. |
| What effect does FSH have during puberty? | FSH stimulates follicles to secrete estrogen and progesterone. |
| What does estrogen do during puberty? | Estrogen causes sex organ maturation and an increase in the height and width of the pelvis. |
| What is thelarche? | Thelarche is the development of the breasts. |
| What is pubarche? | Pubarche is the growth of pubic and axillary hair, as well as apocrine and sebaceous glands. |
| What is menarche and what body fat percentage does it require? | Menarche is the first menstrual period, typically at age 12, and it requires at least 17% body fat in a teenager and 22% in an adult. |
| What is the climacteric? | The climacteric is a midlife change in hormone secretion that is accompanied by menopause. |
| At what age does menopause usually occur? | Menopause occurs between the ages of 45 and 55. |
| What causes the decline in estrogen and progesterone during menopause? | An age-related depletion of follicles results in less secretion of these hormones. |
| What physical changes are associated with menopause? | Changes include the atrophy of the uterus, vagina, and breasts, thinning skin, declining bone mass, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and hot flashes. |
| What is Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)? | HRT is a low-dose estrogen and progesterone therapy that carries cancer risks for reproductive organs. |
| What is the difference between the reproductive cycle and the sexual cycle? | The reproductive cycle covers events occurring between fertilization and birth, while the sexual cycle involves events recurring every month when pregnancy does not occur. |
| What are the two components of the sexual cycle? | The sexual cycle consists of the ovarian cycle (events in the ovaries) and the menstrual cycle (parallel changes in the uterus). |
| How many eggs does oogenesis produce each month? | Oogenesis is a monthly event that produces 1 haploid egg by meiosis. |
| How many oogonia are produced by the fifth month of gestation? | Female germ cells differentiate into oogonia and multiply to 6 to 7 million by the fifth month of gestation. |
| How many primary oocytes remain by puberty? | Following atresia through childhood, only about 200,000 oocytes remain by puberty. |
| How many oocytes will a woman typically ovulate in her lifetime? | A woman will only ovulate about 480 oocytes in a typical reproductive lifetime, while the rest degenerate. |
| What does FSH stimulate the primary oocyte to become? | FSH stimulates the completion of meiosis I, producing a secondary oocyte and a 1st polar body. |
| What happens if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized? | If not fertilized, it never finishes meiosis II and is menstruated as a secondary oocyte. |
| What happens if the secondary oocyte is fertilized? | After fertilization, it finishes meiosis II to become an ovum and releases a 2nd polar body. |
| What is folliculogenesis? | Folliculogenesis is the development of the follicles around the egg that undergoes oogenesis. |
| What is a primordial follicle? | A primordial follicle consists of a primary oocyte in early meiosis surrounded by a single layer of squamous follicular cells, making up 90% to 95% of an adult ovary. |
| How long do primordial follicles wait before developing further? | They wait 13 to 50 years before they develop further, starting a 290-day path to maturity. |
| What characterizes a primary follicle? | Appearing about 140 days into the cycle, a primary follicle contains a larger primary oocyte and a surrounding layer of cuboidal follicular cells. |
| What characterizes a secondary follicle? | Appearing about 170 days into the cycle, oocytes are larger, follicular cells are in two or more layers (granulosa cells), and a zona pellucida and theca folliculi form. |
| What is the function of the theca interna? | The theca interna is an inner cellular layer that produces androgens, which granulosa cells convert to estradiol. |
| What marks the appearance of a tertiary follicle? | About 60 days before ovulation, granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid into small pools that merge to form a single antrum. |
| What is the cumulus oophorus? | It is a mound of granulosa cells on one side of the antrum that covers the oocyte and secures it to the follicular wall. |
| How does a dominant mature follicle survive while its rivals degenerate? | About 20 days before ovulation, the dominant follicle captures and holds FSH (potentially through receptor upregulation), allowing it to continue developing while rivals die as FSH levels fall. |
| What type of oocyte do primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles contain? | They all contain a primary oocyte. |
| What type of oocyte might a preovulatory (graafian) follicle contain? | Preovulatory follicles may contain either a primary or secondary oocyte. |
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