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APHY 201 Exam 2d
Ch. 10 Sensory Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the sharpening of sensations due to most-stimulated neurons inhibited less-stimulated neighboring neurons? | lateral inhibition: the primary neuron sends inhibitory signals (via interneurons) to adjacent, unstimulated or less-stimulated neighbors, and thus, via contrast enhancement, creating a stronger mental image to pinpoint where the stimulation happened |
| which cutaneous receptor around hair follicles and throughout skin sense light touch, as well as hot, cold, and pain? | free nerve endings |
| which cutaneous receptor is located in the stratum basale (at the base of the epidermis) and senses sustained touch and indented depth? | Merkel's discs |
| which cutaneous receptor is located deep in the dermis and hypodermis and senses skin stretch? | Ruffini corpuscles (endings) |
| which cutaneous receptor is located in the papillary layer of the upper dermis and detects changes in texture as well as slow vibrations? | Meissner's corpuscles |
| which fan-shaped cutaneous receptor is located deep in the dermis and feels deep pressure and fast vibrations? | Pacinian corpuscles |
| which theory suggests an explanation as to why people tend to rub a bruised area to help relieve the sensation of pain? | gate control theory |
| what is the phenomenon by which amputees experience complete sensations from the missing limbs? | phantom limb phenomenon |
| quinine binds to a membrane receptor in the mouth; which taste will be experienced? | bitter |
| recognize the structures in the following order for the neural pathway for olfaction | ciliated olfactory epithelium @sensory neurons; axons travel thru cribriform plate; same-type receptor neurons converge in glomeruli of interneurons & secondary neurons (mitral & tufted cells); mitral & tufted cells form olfactory tract |
| the structures leading up to the cochlea comprise the vestibular apparatus. what are the structures in the vestibular apparatus? describe them | vestibular apparatus consists of the utricle and saccule (together = otolith organs) and the 3 semicircular canals (anterior, posterior, lateral). the base of each semicircular canal is expanded into a membranous ampulla that contains sensory hair cells |
| distinguish endolymph and perilymph | the membranous labyrinth is contained within the bony labyrinth. the membranous labyrinth contains endolymph and is surrounded by perilymph of the bony labyrinth |
| a person presents with rotational vertigo, possibly vestibular nystagmus, and tinnitus. what disease might they have if the endolymph of the vestibular apparatus and cocholea continue to be excessive? | Meniere's disease |
| what is the main difference between conductive and sensorineural deafness? | conduction deafness occurs when something hinders the transmission from the tympanic membrane. sensorineural deafness has to do with damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve |
| the outer and middle ear are separated by what structure? | the tympanic membrane |
| the middle and inner ear are separated by what structure? | the oval window of the cochlea, as well as the round window |
| what structure is a passageway leading from the middle ear to the nasopharynx? | auditory (estuachian) tube |
| the spiral organ aka organ of Corti is between which 2 structures? | scala vestibuli and scala tympani |
| what are the three tunics of the eyeball from outer to inner? | fibrous (incl. sclera and cornea), vascular (uvea) (incl. choroid, ciliary body, iris), and neural (incl. retina), and then the lens is not part of any tunic |
| what is the term for an area of cloudiness in the lens, which is normally transparent? | cataract, which can be surgically operated on |
| what is the term for damage to the optic nerve that results in a loss of vision that cannot be regained? | glaucoma, the 2 types of which are open-angle glaucoma (progression treatable) and angle-closure glaucoma (needs immediate laser surgery) |
| what are the fovea centralis and macula lutea? | fovea centralis = critical indented area in the center of the macula on the retina of the eye. the fovea centralis contains only cones, specialized cells that enable detailed daytime vision, while rods (located in peripheral areas) help with night vision |
| in which problem of refraction do rays not focus correctly? what is done to correct it? | in astigmatism, rays do not focus. an uneven lens corrects astigmatism |
| what is the term for the group of inherited disease that cause degeneration of photoreceptors? | retinitis pigmentosa |
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elianayu
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