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PP Final
Physiological Psychology Module 5 & Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is it called when you have an impairment in forming new memories? | Anterograde Amnesia |
| What is the inability to remember events prior to impairment? | Retrograde Amnesia |
| What is the process in which the brain forms a more or less permanent physical representation of a memory? | Consolidation |
| What is the process of accessing stored memories, or the act of remembering? | Retrieval |
| What are the cells that fire when an individual is in a specific location in the environment? | Place Cells |
| Where are Place Cells found? | The Hippocampus |
| What kind of memory involves learning that results in memories of facts, people, and events that a person can verbalize or declare? | Declarative Memories |
| What kind of memory involves memories for behaviors? Or, in other words, the memories that result from procedural or skills learning, emotional learning, and stimulus-response conditioning? | Nondeclarative Memory |
| What kind of memory provides a temporary "register" for information while it is being used? | Working Memory |
| What is the Hebb Rule? | If an axon of a presynaptic neuron is active while the postsynaptic neuron is firing, the synapse between them will be strengthened. |
| What is a persistent strengthening of the synapses that result from the simultaneous activation of presynaptic neurons and postsynaptic neurons called? | Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) |
| What is a decrease in the strength of synapses that occurs when stimulation of presynaptic neurons is insufficient to activate the postsynaptic neurons called? | Long-Term Depression (LTD) |
| What is it called if a weak synapse and a strong synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron are active simultaneously, the weak synapse being potentiated? | Associative Long-Term Potentiation |
| What are the outgrowths from the dendrites that partially bridge the synaptic cleft and make the synapse more sensitive? | Dendritic Spines |
| What is the substantial loss of memory and other cognitive abilities? | Dementia |
| What is the disorder characterized by progressive brain deterioration and impaired memory and other cognitive abilities? | Alzheimer's Disease |
| What are the clumps of amyloid beta that cluster among axon terminals and interfere with neural transmission? | Plaques |
| What are amyloid beta? | A type of protein |
| What does the accumulation of tau form inside neurons? | Neurofibrillary Tangles |
| What are tangles associated with? | The death of brain cells |
| What are the individuals with greater cognitive or brain capacity can compensate for brain changes due to aging, brain damage, or disorders such as Alzheimer's? | Reserve Hypothesis |
| What fabricates stories and facts that make up for missing memories? | Spontaneous Confabulation |
| What were the symptom's H.M. experienced after surgery? | Anterograde Amnesia and Retrograde Amnesia |
| What part of the brain is impacted by Retrograde Amnesia? | Medial Temporal Lobes and the Lateral Temporal Cortex |
| What part of H.M.'s brain did the surgeons damage/destroy? | Hippocampus and Amygdala |
| What is CA1? | A Hippocampus substructure that provides the primary output from the Hippocampus to other brain areas |
| What does damage to CA1 do? | Causes moderate Anterograde Amnesia and minimal Retrograde Amnesia |
| What does damage to CA1 and the rest of the Hippocampus do? | Causes severe Anterograde Amnesia |
| What does damage to the entire Hippocampal Formation do? | Causes Retrograde Amnesia extending back 15 years or more |
| What two problems did H.M.'s memory impairment consist of? | Consolidation of new memories and Retrieval of older memories |
| What two stages do researchers divide memory into? | Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory |
| According to an animal study, what part of the brain demonstrates the participation of Consolidation? | The Hippocampus |
| What is Glutamate? | A Neurotransmitter |
| What two major functions does the Hippocampus do? | Consolidation and Retrieval |
| What is the difference between the Prefrontal Area and the Hippocampus when it comes to Retrieval? | The Prefrontal Area is active during effortful attempts at Retrieval whereas the Hippocampus is activated during successful Retrieval |
| What role does Dopamine play in learning? | Improves Memory |
| What does Dopamine affect? | The Consolidation of Long-Term Memory |
| What does Dopamine release initiate? | The synthesis of proteins in the postsynaptic neuron |
| What part of the brain does naming tools activate? | The Premotor Cortex |
| What part of the brain does naming colors activate? | The Temporal Lobe areas |
| What part of the brain do spatial memories appear? | The Parietal area |
| What part of the brain do verbal memories appear? | The left Frontal Lobe |
| What spatial cues do Place Cells rely on? | Visual, tactile, and olfactory |
| What are the two categories of memory processing? | Declarative Memory and Nondeclarative Memory |
| You can remember being in class today, where you sat, who was there, and what was |
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