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Ch. 12 Notes
Notes on chapter 12, the immune and lymphatic systems, my favourite!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 vital functions of the lymphatic system? | To collect the tiny amount of plasma that leaks out of capillaries during circulation, and to look out for foreign invaders in the plasma as it gets collected ready to sound the alarm if too many germs are discovered. |
| How much plasma leaks out of capillaries a minute? | About 2 to 3 ml |
| Why is recollecting plasma important? | Blood pressure would become too low if it was not recovered. |
| What are the 2 main lymphatic organs? | The lymph nodes and spleen. |
| Lymphatic vessels resemble blood vessels in many ways, but what are they not, and why? | They are not a closed system meaning it has a definitive start and end instead of just going in a circle. |
| What exactly is lymph? | Interstitial fluid in lymph vessels that is collected plasma from capillaries. |
| What's the difference between lymph and plasma? | They are the same liquid but lymph is leaked out of capillaries and goes into lymph vessels while plasma is only in capillaries. |
| How much plasma do we have and how much do we leak out a day? | We have 3 litres but we leak around 4 litres a day. |
| How is movement important for plasma collection? | Muscle movement helps guide interstitial fluid to lymphatic vessels to be collected. A lack of this movement causes it to pool which is why limbs can feel heavy without movement for extended periods. |
| What is the fluid outside of both capillaries and lymph vessels called? | Interstitial fluid |
| What are lymphatic trunks? | Where lymphatic capillaries meet and collect. Trunks are large and return fluid to the circulatory system. |
| What does the thoracic duct drain? | The ma |
| What does the right lymphatic duct drain? | The right side of the upper body. |
| What percentage of total white blood cells are lymphocytes? | 20 to 30% |
| Where are lymphocytes found? | The lymph node and spleen |
| Where do T cells begin their life? | The bone marrow |
| Where do T cells migrate to after they're born? | The thymus gland |
| Where do B cells begin their life and stay and mature? | The bone marrow |
| What do monocytes transform into after leaving lymphatic circulation into surrounding tissue? | Macrophages |
| What is mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)? | Loose connective tissue in mucous membranes containing many lymphocytes to act as defenders |
| What type of tissue are tonsils? | MALT |
| Where are the pharyngeal (Adenoid) tonsils? | The back of the nasopharynx |
| Where are the palatine tonsils? | The back of the mouth |
| Where are the lingual Tonsils? | Both sides of the base of the tongue |
| What are peyer's patches? | MALT patches in the small intestines. |
| What type of tissue protects the appendix? | MALT |
| What are lymphatic nodules? | Small clusters of lymphocytes and macrophages acting as sentinels in high infection areas |
| What other function does the thymus provide? | Producing hormones acting as an endocrine organ. |
| What is the largest lymphatic organ? | The spleen |
| What does the spleen clean and scan? | Cleans dead or damaged red blood cells and scans for invaders ready to activate an immune response |
| Why do lymph nodes swell when an invader enters them? | Activated lymphocytes multiply a lot. |
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CommsMKSoz
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