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Chapter 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Legally Blind | A person who has visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye even with correction or has a field of vision so narrow that its widest diameter subtends an angular distance no grater than 20 degree |
| Low Vision | A term used by edcators to refer to indivduals whose visual impairment is not so severe that they are unable to read print of any kind |
| Cornea | A transparent cover in front of the iris and pupil in the eye, responsible for most of the refraction of light rays in focusing on an object |
| Aqueous Humor | A watery substance between the cornea and lens of the eye |
| Pupil | The contractile opening in the middle of the iris of the eye |
| Lens | A strutured that refines and chnages the focus of the light rays passing through the eye |
| Vitreous Humor | A transparent, gelatinous substance that fills the eyeball between the retina and the lens of the eye |
| Retina | The back portion of the eye, containing never fibers connected to the optic nerve |
| Optic Nerve | The nerve at the back of the eye, which sends visual information back to the brain |
| Snellen Chart | Used in determinding visual acuity; consits of rows of letter or Es arranged in different positions |
| Visual Acuity | The ability to see fine detail; usually measured with the Snellen chart |
| Functional Vision Assessments | An apprasial of an indivdual's use of vision in everyday situations |
| Refraction | The blending of light rays as they pass through the structures of the eye |
| Myopia | Nearsightedness; vision for distance objects is affected |
| Hyperopia | Farsightedness; vision for near objects is affected |
| Astigmatism | Blurred vsision caused by irregular cornea or lens |
| Glaucoma | A condition often, but not always due to excerssive pressure in the eyeball |
| Optic Nerve | The nerve at the back of the eye, which sends visual information back to the brain |
| Cataracts | A condition caused by clouding of the lens of the eye, affects color vision and distance vision |
| Diabetic Retinopathy | A condition resulting from interfernece with the blood supply to the retina |
| Cortical visual Impairment (CVI) | A poorly understood childhood condition that apparently involves dysfunction in the visual cortex; charcaterized by large day-to-day variations in visual ability |
| Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) | A condition resulting from administration of an excessive concertration of oxygen at birth |
| Optic Nerve Hypoplasia (ONH) | A condotion resulting in underdevlopment of the optic nerve |
| Retinitis Pigmentosa | A hereditary condition resulting in degeneration of retina; causes a narrowing of the field of vision and affects night vision |
| Night Blindness | A condition characterized by problems in seeing at low levels of illumination; often caused by retinitis pigmentosa |
| Strabismus | A condition in which the yes are directed inward (cross eyed) or outward |
| Nystagmus | A condotion in which there are raipd involuntary movemnets of the eyes |
| Orientation and Mobility (O & M) | The ability to have a sense of where one is realrion to other people, objects, and landmarks, and to move through the environment |
| Cognitive Mapping | A nonsequential way of conceptualizing the spatial enviorment that allows a person who has visual impairment to know where several points in the environment are simultaneously |
| Obstacle Sense | A skill possessed by some people who are blind, whereby they can detect the presence of obstacles in their enviorments |
| Echolocation | Ability to detect objects in the enviroment by audiothroy echoes (sound waves) created by footsteps, tappin a cane, clicking one's toungue |
| Phonological Awareness | The abiltiy to understadn that speech flow can be broken into smaller sounds units such as words, syllables, and phonemes |
| Stereotypic Behaviors | Repetitive, ritualistic, motor behaviors such as twirling, spinning objects, flapping the hands, and rocking, similar to those that are evident in some people who are blind |
| Expanded Core Curriculum (ECC) | Developed for students with blindness or low vision; functional skills and competencies students wioth visual impairments need beyond the academic competencies for sighted students in the conventional curriculum, such as independent living |
| Unified English Braille (UEB) | A combination of literacy braille and braille codes for technical fields, such as Nemeth Cide for science and math; not yet widely adopted |
| Large-Print Books | Books having a front size that is larger than the usual 10-point type; a popular size for large-print books is 18-point type |
| Magnifying Devices | Often recommended for people with low vision; can be for close vision or distance visison |
| Long Cane | A mobiltiy aid used by indivduals with visual impairments, who sweep it in a wide arc in front of them |
| Tacile Maps | An embossed representation of the environment that people who are blind can use to orient themsevles to their surroundings |
| Braille Notetakers | Portable devices that can be used to take notes in braille, which are then converted to speech, braille, or text |
| NFB- Newline | A free servoce available through the National Federation of the Blind; allows indivdiuals to access magazines and newspapers 24 hours a day from any touch-tone telephone |
| Descriptive Video Service | A service for use of people with visual impairment that provides audio narrative of key visual elements |
| Screen Readers | Software for computers that magnifies images on the screen/ and or converts text on the screen to speech |
| Itinerant Teacher Service | Services for students who have visual impairments in which the special education teacher vists several different schools to work with students and their general education teacher |
| Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) | A formative evaluation method designed to evaluate performance in the curriculum to which students are exposed; usually involoves giving students a proponents argue that CBM is preferable to comparing students content learned by the students |
| Accessible Pedestrian Signals (APSs) | Devices for people who are blind to let them know when the "walk" signal is on at intersection; can be auditory tactile, or both |
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Kynedi_davis
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