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Audiology 9
Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is another name for the inner ear? | the labyrinth |
| What does the inner ear contain? | the hearing and balance sensory organs |
| What is the inner ear responsible for as for hearing? | transducing mechanical energy from the middle ear to a form of energy that can be interpreted by the brain |
| What is the inner ear responsible for in terms of balance? | report information on body's position and movement in a bioelectrical code |
| What is the volume of the inner ear? | 200 mm^2 (peanut m&m) |
| Where is the inner ear located? | in a cavity within the petrous portion of the temporal bone called the bony labyrinth |
| What are the three main parts of the bony labyrinth? | the cochlea, semicircular canals, and the vestibule |
| What does the oval window do? | it serves as a separation point between the middle and inner ear |
| What is the immediate entryway of the inner ear? | the vestibule |
| What can be accessed through the vestibule? | various chambers of the inner ear |
| What is connected to the vestibule? | the vestibular and cochlear portions of the inner ear |
| What are the two functional parts of the inner ear? | the auditory system and vestibular system |
| What is the auditory system responsible for? | hearing |
| What is in the auditory system? | the cochlea |
| What is the vestibular system responsible for? | balance and spatial separation |
| What is in the vestibular system? | the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule |
| What does the ability to maintain balance depend on? | information from several body systems whose interactions are controlled by the cerebellum |
| What systems are controlled by the cerebellum and allow the ability to maintain balance? | visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular systems |
| What does the visual system do for the vestibular mechanism? | provides direct info from surrounding objects, orientation of the body, but depends on visual acuity and sufficient light to see surroundings |
| What does the proprioceptive system do for the vestibular mechanism? | involves somatosensory stimuli received from the muscles and tendons of the body, allows for perception of body part positioning |
| What does the vestibular system do for the vestibular mechanism? | relies on gravity and inertia, provides information regarding linear and angular acceleration |
| What are the organs in the vestibule? | utricle and saccule |
| What are the sections of the semicircular canals? | anterior/superior, posterior/inferior, horizontal/lateral |
| What do the utricle and saccule provide information about? | head position relative to the ear; linear acceleration of the body |
| What do the semicircular canals provide information about? | angular acceleration (revolutions that the body is turning) |
| What is vertigo? | a common symptom that results from damage to the vestibular mechanism, patients experience the sensation of whirling or spinning, nystagmus |
| What is nystagmus? | rapid rocking movement of the eyes |
| Why does nystagmus occur? | due to the connections in the brain between the vestibular portion of the 8th cranial nerve and the oculomotor nerve |
| How can we test vestibular function? | oculomotor testing, positional testing, rotary chair, calorics |
| What is the cochlea? | snail-like shell, coiled tunnel with about 2.5 turns, widest coil is the base, narrowest coil is the apex, |
| What is the promontory? | the large turn at the base of the cochlea that forms a protrusion in the middle ear |
| What is the modiolus in terms of the cochlea? | the bony core where blood and nerve supply enter the organ of corti |
| What are the canals of the cochlea? | the scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and scala media |
| Where does the scala vestibuli being? | at the oval window |
| Where does the scala vestibuli begin? | at the round window, visible at the bottom of the cochlea |
| Where is the scala media? | between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani, also called the cochlear duct |
| What does the stapes do? | it fits into the oval window, transmitting sound into the scala vestibuli |
| What fluids are in the cochlea? | endolymph and perilymph |
| Why is it important for the cochlear to have different fluids? | to allow for reactions |
| What do the fluids of the cochlea do? | provide nutrients to the structures found within the respective canals |
| What do the negative and positive charges of cochlear fluid do> | aid neurotransmitter to get information from the inner ear to the brain |
| What fluid is in the scala vestibuli and scala media? | perilymph |
| What fluid is in the scala media? | endolymph |
| Where are auditory nerve endings located? | on the basilar membrane (scala media) |
| What do auditory nerve endings connect to? | some connect to multiple hair cells and some have a one-on-one connection |
| What is on top of each hair cell? | stereocillia |
| What's re stereocillia? | hairlike projections that have tips embedded into the tectorial membrane |
| What does the direction of a bending stereocillia determine? | if the nerve cells are stimulated, inhibited, or do not fire at all |
| How many rows of inner hair cells do we have? | one |
| How many rows of outer hair cells do we have? | three |
| What do hair cells convert? | fluid motion into electrochemical impulses |
| What are the qualities of inner hair cells? | pear shaped, single rows, 95% afferent neurons, no motility |
| What are the qualities of outer hair cells | Cylindrical, three rows, 5% of afferent neurons, motility (stretch and shrink) |
| What is the physiology of the inner ear? | traveling wave in cochlear duct makes basilar membrane move, hair cells move, cilia bend, chemical and mechanical release creates a cochlear microphonic, action potential is created and sent through the auditory nerve |
| What creates a cochlear microphonic? | a chemical and mechanical release |
| What causes vibrations at the oval window? | the rotations of the stapes |
| As the oval window pushes in... | the round window pushes out |
| What does the in and out motion of the stapes do? | moves the cochlear fluids and creates a traveling wave along the basilar membrane |
| Where does the traveling ave in the cochlea start? | at the base and moves toward the apex |
| Where do high frequency sound waves peak? | at the base |
| Where do low frequency sound waves peak? | at the apex |
| What is tonotopic organization of the basilar membrane? | it is organized by frequency, different areas respond to certain frequencies |
| What frequency is at the base of the cochlea? | high frequencies |
| What frequency is at the apex of the cochlea? | low frequencies |
| What does stimulation of the outer hair cells related to? | cochlear amplification, or the displacement of the basilar membrane |
| What does stimulation of the inner hair cells relate to? | the velocity of the basilar membrane's movement |
| What happens when the stereocilia move? | a chemical is released at the base of the hair cell |
| What happens when the stereocilia move towards the tallest outer hair cell? | channels open, allowing K+ in and depolarization |
| What do inner hair cells do? | release neurotransmitters and stimulate dendrites of auditory nerves |
| What happens when a nerve fires and sends an electrical signal? | OHCs expand and contract to amplify basilar membrane movement, IHCs release neurotransmitter and stimulate the auditory nerve |
| How many afferent nerves does the cochlea have? | 30,000 |
| How many efferent nerves does the cochlea have? | 1,800 |
| What does a neuron consist of? | a cell body, an axon, and dendrites |
| What are the branching systems of a neuron> | the axon and dendrites |
| What do afferent neurons do? | carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system |
| What do efferent neurons do? | carry information from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system |
| What do interneurons do? | carry information from afferent to efferent neurons |
| What do dendrites do? | receive nerve impulses from other cells |
| What do axons do? | transmit impulses along the neurons |
| Where do afferent neurons carry their impulses to and from? | from the cochlea to the central auditory nervous system and have their cell bodies in the spiral ganglion in the modiolus |
| Where do the efferent neurons project from? | the superior olivary complex in the brainstem |
| How do efferent neurons connect ot hair cells? | directly and indirectly |
| What does an inner ear hearing loss result from? | abnormalities of the inner ear, typically originates with pathology at the level of the hair cells |
| What does an inner ear hearing loss present as? | a sensorineural hearing loss, may be mixed if the middle and outer ear issues are co-occuring |
| What are prenatal causes of an inner ear hearing loss? | development in utero that has an adverse effect on the normal development of the cochlea |
| What could be a prenatal causes for inner ear hearing loss? | may be result of chromosome deletion or trisomy; RH factor concerns; Cerebral Palsy; use of prescription or illegal drugs; viral diseases like rubella, HIV/AIDs, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
| What is Mondini Dysplasia? | the absence or malformation of the bony labyrinth or membranous labyrinth |
| What can Mondini Dysplasia indicate? | malformation of the vestibular mechanism or enlarged vestibular aqueduct |
| What is hearing loss like for someone with Mondini Dysplasia? | usually ranges from moderate to profound |
| What is Waardenburg Syndrome? | a genetic syndrome including white forelock, lowest ears, wide nasal bridge, eye pigment differences, hearing loss typically profound |
| What is Trisomy? | extra material is present on the arm of one chromosome, genetic link to hearing loss, labeling is based on which chromosome is affected |
| What is Rh Factor? | maternal blood RH factor differs from the fetus, M's body produces antibodies to eliminate foreign Rh produced by baby's blood stream |
| What does the Rh Factor difference result in? | a buildup of toxic levels of broken down red blood cells (hyperbilirubinemia) which can cause damage to internal organs, also causes hearing loss due to damage to nerous system and nervous tissues |
| What does Maternal Rubella Exposure cause? | significant damage to nerve tissue in developing fetus, more common causes of viral related hearing loss, tends to be profound HL |
| What does Cytomegalovirus (CMV) cause? | Hearing Loss in addition to significant developmental concerns, blindness, cortical level damage |
| How is cytomegalovirus transmitted? | in utero via maternal infection, delivery, or breast feeding |
| What is a perinatal cause? | something that occurs during the process of birth |
| What are perinatal causes of hearing loss? | anoxia; toxic substances in mother's bloodstream; prematurity; noise levels in incubator; trauma to head |
| What is anoxia? | lack of oxygen which can damage the cochlear cells |
| How can toxic substances in the mother's bloodstream damage a baby's hearing? | reduce the transfer of oxygen across the placenta |
| What is a postnatal cause of cochlear hearing loss? | any factors that occur after birth |
| What are examples of a postnatal cause of hearing loss? | bacterial or viral meningitis; otitis media; viral infections like measles, mumps, chicken pox, influenza, pneumonia, rubeola; syphilis; high fever with unidentified viral cause; kidney infection or failure; diabetes |
| What is ototoxicity? | damage to the cochlea and/or vestibular system as a result of ototoxic druges |
| Why might we use ototoxic drugs? | while they may hurt hearing, they can be necessary to save a life |
| What kinds of drugs are ototoxic? | medications used to treat tough, systemic infections such as tuberculosis, quinine to treat malaria, chemotherapy, high levels of aspirin, diuretics, nicotine, alcohol, heroin, and cocaine |
| What must doctors do when prescribing ototoxic medication? | closely monitor a patient's hearing abilities with a baseline recommended prior to starting medications |
| What is tinnitus? | any abnormal sound perceived by a person even though there is no external stimulus (NOT hearing voices) |
| How can tinnitus be perceived? | ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking, etc |
| What is tinnitus associated with? | hearing loss and pathologies of the ear |
| What can be used to alleviate tinnitus? | sound therapy, sound machines |
| How can otosclerosis become an inner ear hearing loss? | it can grow into the cochlea through the overall window (uncommon), resulting in sensorineural or mixed hearing loss |
| What is barotrauma? | sudden changes in middle ear pressure that may cause rupture of the round window or a tear of the annulus of the oval window |
| What will barotrauma result in? | a fistula or a leak of perilymph fluid |
| What is noised induced hearing loss? | brief exposure to intense sounds, which can recover partially or completely in a short period of time, or as a result of repeated exposure to intense sounds, causing a permanent impairment |
| What causes noise induced hearing loss? | loss of hair cells and supporting structures, nerve degeneration, all due to exposure to loud noise |
| How does one prevent noise induced hearing loss? | using hearing protection |
| What is acoustic trauma? | noised induced hearing loss due to impulsive sounds such as an explosion or gunfire, mechanical destruction of portions of the organ of corti |
| What is radiation induced hearing loss? | use of radiotherapy for treatment of brain tumors and head&neck cancers can adversely affect the auditory structures |
| What can radiation induced hearing loss result in? | permanent sensorineural hearing loss |
| What is sudden idiopathic hearing loss? | typically a unilateral hearing loss that may develop over the course of a few days or instant, could be autoimmune, viral, vascular, or neurological, needs immediate medical attention |
| What is Meniere's Disease? | thought to be caused by increased endolymphatic pressure, can cause sudden unilateral hearing loss due to disorder of labyrinth, etiology unknown |
| What are the symptoms of Meniere's Disease? | tinnitus (roaring), aural fullness/pressure, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo |
| What is semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome? | thinning or weakening of the bone that covers the superior semicircular canal |
| What are the symptoms of semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome? | dizziness, vertigo, disequilibrium, blocked sensation, echo sensation, low frequency hearing loss, all usually induced by intense sounds or change in middle ear pressure |
| What is autoimmune inner ear disease? | body attacks its own tissues, presents as a bilateral fluctuating and progressive sensorineural hearing loss |
| What part of the body is most commonly injured? | the head |
| How do head injuries relate to hearing problems? | audiometric results may be similar to those suffering from acoustic trauma (HF hearing loss, tympanic membrane and middle ear damage, inner ear structures torn/stretched/deteriorated |
| What is presbycusis? | hearing loss caused by degenerative changes from aging, time of onset and rate of progression vary widely |
| What is presbycusis most likely related to? | age effects on the entire hearing mechanism, as well as vascular deficiencies |
| What does presbycusis result in? | a bilateral, symmetric, slowly progressive sensorineural hearing loss |
| How many people having hearing loss that are 65+? | 25-40% |
| How many people having hearing loss that are 75+? | 40-66% |
| How many people have hearing loss that are 85+? | >80% |
Created by:
hrshook0104
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