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Chapter 3 (Part 1)
Intro Audiology (Exam 2)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is anatomy? | how the body is structured |
| What is physiology? | how the body functions |
| What are the parts of the conductive mechanism? | the outer and middle ear |
| What does the conductive mechanism do? | auditory signals are turned into mechanical energy by the tympanic membrane, then mechanical vibrations are further transmitted by the ossicular chain |
| What are the parts of the sensorineural mechanism? | the inner ear, auditory nerve, and pathways beyond |
| What does the sensorineural mechanism do? | mechanical energy is turned into hydromechanical energy (fluid wave) in the cochlea then turned into electrical energy by the auditory nerve |
| What are the parts of the hearing mechanism? | the conductive and sensorineural mechanisms |
| What is the anatomy of the outer ear? | includes the shell-like protrusion from each side of the head (pinna/auricle), the ear canal, and ear drum (tympanic membrane) |
| What is the anatomy of the middle ear? | air filled spaces containing a chain of three bones (malleus, incus, stapes) |
| What is the anatomy and physiology of the inner ear? | the cochlea, which is filled with fluids and microscopic components which function to convert waves into electrical messages that travel to the brainstem via the auditory nerve |
| What is the anatomy and physiology of the brainstem and beyond? | a series of structures in the brain that relay the sound message to the cortex of the brain, including the auditory nerve |
| What are the pathways of sound? | air and bone conduction |
| What is air conduction? | how we hear sound everyday, any sound that passes through the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and beyond |
| What does air conduction require? | all hearing mechanisms to be functioning correctly |
| What is bone conduction? | a sound being heard through the stimulation of the inner ear directly |
| What does bone conduction require? | the inner ear and beyond functioning correctly |
| What are the three types of hearing loss? | conductive, sensorineural, and mixed |
| What is a conductive hearing loss? | when a barrier exists between the outer and/or middle ear that causes sound attenuation, but bone conduction hearing is normal |
| What is sound attenuation? | a decrease in the strength of sound |
| What is the most common type of hearing loss? | sensorineural |
| What is sensorineural hearing loss? | a problem with the inner ear and/or auditory nerve, impacting both air and bone conduction |
| When can a conductive hearing loss be ruled out> | when attenuation of sound is the same by both air conduction and bone conduction pathways |
| What could cause a sensorineural hearing loss? | vertigo, tinnitus, outer hair cell damage, age-related hearing loss, ototoxic medications |
| What is a mixed hearing loss? | problems in both the air and bone conduction pathways at the same time, results in bone d=conduction loss with a greater loss by air conduction |
| Which pathway is impacted more in a mixed hearing loss? | the air conduction pathway |
| What is a tuning fork? | a device made of metal that is often used by musicians to obtain a certain pitch, emits a clear, pure, quality tone at a certain pitch |
| What are the two types of tuning fork tests? | Weber and Rinne tests |
| What is the Weber test? | more popular, tests lateralization where patients state where the tone is heard (left, right, both, or midline) |
| Where is the tuning fork placed in the Weber test? | on the patient's forehead or on the midline of the head |
| What does it mean if a patient's response to the Weber test is "midline?" | they have normal hearing OR equal amounts of hearing loss in each ear |
| How would a person with sensorineural hearing loss respond to the Weber test? | they would hear the tone better in one ear |
| How would a person with conductive hearing loss respond to the Weber test? | they would hear the tone in their worse ear |
| What is the Rinne test? | patient is asked to state if they hear the tuning fork tone louder when it is held in front of the ear or behind the ear on the mastoid |
| What is a positive Rinne test results? | patient will hear tone louder when held next to the ear if they have normal hearing |
| When can a positive Rinne be found? | in normal hearing and in cases of sensorineural hearing loss |
| What is a negative Rinne test result? | when the patient hears the sound louder when the fork is placed behind the ear |
| What is a false negative Rinne test? | If one inner ear is mores sensitive than the other, may result when the better inner ear responds to the tone |
| How is a patient history helpful? | provides information of significant medical history that may have an impact on hearing health |
| How are patient histories different? | they can be online or paper, lengthy or short, information requested can vary depending on the setting and patient demographics or age |
| What is the referral source of a case history? | physicians, health care professionals, family members, self, lawyer, worker's comp |
| What is the patient demographics for a case history? | birthday, address, phone, gender, etc |
| What is the patient history of a case history? | birth history, family history, pertinent medical issues, medication, etc |
| What is the patient complaint of a case history? | dizziness, communication disorder, hearing impairment, otalgia |
| What is the nature of complaint of a case history? | duration, which ear, sudden/progressive, ringing, facial numbness or weakness, noise exposure, dizziness |
| What is the impact of complaint of a case history? | how is it messing up their daily life? |
| What is the previous assessments and results of a case history? | have they been tested for a hearing loss before? |
| What are some common adult case history questions? | family history, gradual or sudden, do you feel like you have a loss, have you ever had your hearing evaluated, what is the reason for your appointment? |
| What are some common pediatric case history questions? | Do you feel you child has a loss, were there birth or pregnancy complications, is there a history of ear infections, have they been reaching developmental milestones, etc |
| What is audiometric? | an electronic assessment of pure tone tests of hearing, performed with an audiometer, provides the ability to assess responses to a set of acoustic signals |
| What is an audiometer? | a device that generates the pure tone signals used in testing hearing, tests both air and bone conduction, dial is used to modify the intensity of stimulus |
| What is a screening audiometer? | usually only tests air conduction (but may test bone or speech), used in school settings or mass screenings |
| What is a diagnostic audiometer? | used in most clinics, allows for air conduction, bone conduction, and speech testing, usually a 2 channel (for two different stimuli for masking) |
| Why is a quiet test environment so important? | it may cause hearing thresholds to shift and result in invalid results |
| Why is it important for patients to understand the instructions? | a patient must indicate a response in order for pure tone testing to be valid, easier for adults than children or those with special needs |
| What are different ways patients can respond to a pure tone threshold test? | push button, finger or hand raise, verbal response, play techniques for children |
| What is a false response in audiometry? | when patients do not react when they hear a sound |
| What is malingering? | when a patient purposefully does not respond even though they heard the sound |
| What is a false positive in audiometry? | when a patient responds even when no sound is hear, can show no extreme willingness to participate or tinnitus |
| What is a clinician's role in audiometry? | explain the method of testing clearly and make sure the patient understands what response is expected by asking open ended questions (may be verbal or written instructions depending on the patient) |
| What is the patient's position for audiometry? | Somewhere the clinical can see them, but the clinician should NOT be seen by the patient |
| Why is it important for a clinician to be able to see the patient during audiometry testing? | to analyze small movements, gestures, facial expressions, make sure they do not fall asleep |
| What is the purpose of air conduction audiometry? | specifying the amount of degree of hearing loss at various frequencies |
| What can air conduction audiometry NOT tell use? | the type of hearing loss |
| WHat is the threshold of hearing sensitivity? | the level (intensity) at which tones are perceived as barely audible, forms the basis for pure tone audiometry |
| What frequencies can be assessed in air conduction audiometry? | 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000 Hz |
| What is the standard order for air conduction threshold testing? | 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 250, 500 |
| When are other NOT standard frequencies tested in air conduction threshold testing> | when there is a 20 dB HL or greater inter-octave gap |
| What is the range of intensities tested in an air conduction threshold test? | -10 dB HL to 110 dB HL (500-6000 Hz) |
Created by:
hrshook0104
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