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LAND2320 EXAM 1
UGA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How are landscape construction and materials critical to the success of LA? | - they identify functional use - they provide directional cues - they solve environmental needs - they address maintenance issues & aesthetics - they provide framework for the design |
| 3 things to consider when selecting landscape materials? | 1) Cost 2) Design/Aesthetics 3) Impact on the environment and society |
| what is cost? | includes materials, installation/labor, and long-term maintenance. |
| what is design/aesthetics considerations? | - Material supports cultural expressions. - Materials provide character - Provides Genius Loci - Provide a sense of refinement -provide function and variety -Material selection and installation provides safety |
| Genius Loci | A sense of place |
| what is the impact on environment and society? | - mining --> hazardous, creates pollutants, nonrenewable and contributes to stream sedimentation - materials in wrong place --> cause issues - Carbon Footprint --> shipment/transportation - degradation or improvement of environment |
| 3 things needed to ensure proper installation of construction materials? | 1) proper design, appropriate for site and client 2) Clear communication 3) On site inspection and observation |
| How to reduce resource use? | - use few or no new materials - reuse/reprocess/reclaim existing materials - Any new products should be designed for disassembly |
| How to minimize environmental impact? | - minimize CO2 via local or existing materials - minimize mined and harvested materials |
| What are low emitting materials? | Do not release significant pollutants (rocks) Require low amount of energy to extract, ship, use and dispose of |
| what are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)? (High embodied materials) | Materials that contain or emit toxins during its life cycle (sealers, finishers, adhesives) can leak into soil and water. Require high amount of energy to extract, ship, use and dispose of. |
| How to assist with sustainable design strategies? | - nongreen materials can sometimes contribute to the sustainable function of the site over time (Portland cement) - buying from ethical companies - plant materials that use phytoremediation - pervious paving |
| Phytoremediation? | process by which plants sequester carbon and toxins. |
| What are the three types of paving systems? | Monolithic Modular Granular |
| What is monolithic concrete? | Material that is poured as single unified surface (MONO = 1) |
| In Situ or CIP means... | concrete that is premixed and then poured and cured on site. |
| What is the difference b/w concrete and cement? | - Cement is limestone of clay. Crushed into a powder. the POWDER - Concrete is the product of the powder when mixed with water and sometimes sand |
| Portland Cement contains... | ... silicon, calcium and iron, which makes it heavy duty. |
| Explain the process of CIP instillation... part 1 | 1) dig to target depth 2) develop boards to shape concrete and sometimes kicker to stabilize the board 3) add gravel or sand base to level, and rebar or welded wire for extra strength 4) concrete mixed off site and poured into formed space (In Situ)- |
| Explain the process of CIP instillation... part 2 | - 5) Screeding - creates a flat level surface before concrete can cure. By hand or machine 6) Floating - involves using bull or hand floats to create final finish on concrete 7) Concrete cures. Irreversable. |
| What is hydration? | Process by which concrete cures. Irreversible. Can take a few hours to 28 days. |
| Expansion Joints... | Place pre pouring and allow concrete slabs to move and not stress whatever it abuts |
| Control Joints... | Shallow. Created post pouring and allow for movement due to temp. changes and drying shrinkage |
| A textured finish is... | Nonslip and also decorative. A broom is used to achieve this texture. Also, can be mixed with aggregates or colored with paint + stamp patterns |
| What are strengths of concrete? | - Long lasting. Durable. - Formed into any shape. - Lots of colors, textures... - Water, petroleum, de-icing, solvent resistant - Handles heavy loads - No edge restraints required. Clean separation - strong/cool in high temps - pervious or porous |
| What are the limitations of concrete? | - requires formwork and special equipment - joints are required (more labor) - cracking occurs even w/ joints - Curing takes time - may cause glare - higher cost |
| Concrete has _____ tensile strength and ____ compressive strength. | Low. High. |
| What does rebar prevent? | Cracking and provides structural stability. |
| Rebar or Reinforcing bar uses... | - generally larger than WWM - stays in place better - used in concrete walls and flat work (sidewalk, driveway_ |
| What is welded wire mesh? | Long strips of metal soldered together. |
| What are examples of monolithic asphalt? | Black top, asphalt concrete, asphalt concrete, bituminous asphalt, “AC” |
| What is asphalt? | sticky, semi solid form of petroleum which binds aggregates to make asphalt concrete |
| Explain the process of asphalt installation (CIP)... | 1)Produced in a plant and shipped to the site in a trick for CIP 2)Dig to your target depth, level the ground, line with a base course of gravel. 3) An intermediate layer may be necessary, laid over the base and compacted. 4)Delivered hot. -next card |
| Explain the process of asphalt installation (CIP)... part 2 | 4) ... poured into areas with form boards or structural elements. 5) Wearing Course --> top of the asphalt. Roll out until smooth. |
| 3 Asphalt Charactersistics? | 1) Flexible. Binder never hardens. Fails bc of material loss. 2) Flows and distorts. No joints needed. Aggregates prevent expansion post drying. 3) Inherently weak. Edges and curbs improve longevity but not required. (road edges) |
| Asphalt Strengths? | - Inexpensive - no rebar or WMM required - Smooth surface, no joints - acid, alkali, salt resistant -dark color reduces glare -recyclable -can be used within hour of placement&compaction - paintable |
| Asphalt Limitations? | - damaged by petroleum spills - absorbs radiant energy --> HOT - moves so it needs solid base/edges - inherently weak and softens if too hot -susceptible to surface damage |
| Design considerations of asphalt include.. | - provide rigid edge - coloring or stamping - pervious or impervious composition (based on size of aggregates |
| Uses of asphalt.... | - parking lots and roads - trails, paths, bike paths, and courts - In driveways --> smooth surface and no steel reinforcement required |
| Modular Pavement System - 2 Types.. | 1) Rigid 2) Flexible |
| Define rigid | set in a mortar base and the joints b/w pavers are filled with mortar. |
| Define Flexible | composed of several layers of diff materials and interlocking shapes to create a stable pavement structure. There is no concrete or mortar base and no mortar is used between the units. |
| Sometimes, in a rigid system, a ____ liner is added for extra stability. | --landscape--- |
| Rigid systems must account for _____ | drainage |
| Installation of a rigid system.... | 1)Dig out to required depth 2) Lay gravel and concrete base 3) Level layer of mortar as a base for the pavers 4) Set pavers 5) Spaces are filled with mortar |
| How much of the surface area does mortar contribute to? | 20% |
| Strengths of Rigid System | Provide structural strength Long lasting compared to flexible systems Lower maintenance cost over time |
| Limitations of Rigid System | High Install Cost Impervious The entire system must be sound. If water gets into system, there will be problems Susceptible to damage from weather cycles (expansion and contraction) - no control or expansion joints Not ideal for large expanses. |
| Installation of Flexible System | Dig to required depth Lay gravel Level layer of sand or leveling compound Set pavers Spaces are then sand swept |
| Plants are sometimes added, like thyme or mondo, between the ____ on flexible systems. | pavers |
| Strengths of Flexible System | Porous → allows water Cheaper to install (no concrete or mortar) They’re reusable Provides softer surface Less susceptible to damage -- have space to move and expand Requiring fewer repairs over time |
| Limitations of Flexible System | Long term maintenance Heavy for shipping (flexible and rigid) Can become dislodged by users or tree growth |
| Types of Stone | Flagstone (underground) Fieldstone (mountain or outcrop) others -> limestone, blue stone, sandstone.... |
| Strengths of Stone | Extremely long lasting Elegant look Various colors and sizes Historical applications - match old aesthetic Low maintenance Can be torn out for underground maintenance and replaced if not set in mortar (flexible) |
| Limitations of Stone | Slip resistance (specify rough finish, not polished) Cost - skilled labor required to install Weight (for large pieces) Limited availability Can become unstable or difficult to walk on |
| pros and cons of using stone... | Pros - long lasting, locally available, resistant to weathering and can be reused Cons - mining and extraction, not renewable |
| Types of Brick | Building brick, face brick, fire brick, veneer brick, and brick pavers |
| How to make a brick? | Clay or shale mixed with water Fired at high temps (up to 2100 F) |
| Common /nominal size of a brick | most common is 4x8x2 (nominal) |
| What is Brick Flash? | metals or other materials are added to the surface of the brick before it is placed in the kiln. Color variation. |
| What are the uses of brick? | paths, stairs, edging, crosswalks, walls |
| Strengths of Brick | Attractive and weathers well Durable Low maintenance Historical applications Readily available |
| Limitations of Brick | Low material cost but high to moderate instillation cost Limited shapes and sizes |
| Pros and cons of using brick | Pros- durable and high strength, locally available, resistant to weathering, can be reused, non-toxic Cons - uses a lot of energy to produce, not renewable outside of reuse or crushing (but abundant) |
| Ceramic Tile is made of... | sand, clay and talc (modular pavement) |
| pros and cons of ceramic tile | Pros - impervious to moisture, does not stain or absorb, can be cut/shaped, come in a variety of colors Cons - ceramic is weaker than porcelain, tend to crack after settling, not as strong as other paving materials |
| Porcelain tiles made of... | sand, clay and feldspar (modular pavement) |
| Pros and cons of porcelain tiles | Pros - more durable, higher heat and pressure, can be cut/shaped, variety of colors Cons - not as strong as other paving materials |
| Recycled Concrete pros and cons | Pros - curable and high strength, cut and shaped Cons - heavy to move, takes equipment to bust up into movable slabs. |
| Granular Pavement System compose of | ggregate materials and these can be: Minded materials like sand, gravel or crushed stone OR recycled materials like concrete, rubber, or crushed brick |
| Granular stone is sorted by ____ | gradation |
| Gradation #89 - | the smallest Used in concrete mix, pervious concrete, paving base, pipe bedding and drainage filtration. |
| Gradation #59 9- stone - | used in concrete mix, paving base, pipe bedding and drainage filtration. |
| Crusher Run | Varies in gradation Used in construction entrances (impervious) |
| Quarry Spalls | Varies in gradation used in erosion control and ditches |
| Rip Rap | Varies in gradation Used mainly in shore attenuation, erosion control |
| Pea gravel is good for _____ and provides a ____ surface | drainage. softer. |
| Installation of pea gravel (layers) | Larger aggregate on top Fabric separator prevents seeds from rooting and roots from coming up Aggregate subbase Prepared subgrade |
| Crushed granite / Decomposed Granite | Made up of small pieces of granite Size range from max ¼” to sandy Fairly fine mixture as opposed to other materials. |
| Recycled crushed red brick | It is a good choice for stables and pedestrian trails. Relatively compact and stable. |
| Recycled rubber | Good for outdoor trails and playgrounds. Absorb impact and reduce scratches and abrasions. Can be rigid with a binding agent or flexible (usually with edging) depending on the need. |
| Recycled concrete | Run through the crushing system. Can be used for color variation. |
| Recycled glass cullet | Not really used in the states. Crushed and tumbled. Not really meant to walk on. Fun color accent in landscapes. |
| Sand | Tropical feel and is soft When enclosed cats will use as litterbox Difficult to keep clean from leaves and other debris → removing sand as you clean |
| Woodchips | Low budget projects Absorb impact and can be easily replaced Edging needed to be kept enclosed. |
| Edging Options | Planted area and grass. Made of concrete, steel, wood, plastic, rebar.... |
| Edge is placed to create - | boundaries and for maintenance issues |
| Cellular Containment | Associated with grass Typically around dumpsters Usually plastic and withstands the impact of heavy equipment. Can be filled with grass. Granular substance stays in the contained pocket. |
| Cellular Containment Strengths | Often the least expensive paving material Doesn’t require expertise to install Works in situations where an informal aesthetic is desired Can be permeable (depending on compaction and type of aggregate) |
| Cellular Containment Limitations | Requires periodic maintenance and replenishment of materials Material can shift and move out of place Requires stable base and rigid edge Not good running surface Doesn’t always meet accessibility requirements (form, stable and slip resistant) |
| Stairs | set of steps that enable access to site with difference in height |
| Step | portion of stair which permits ascent and descent |
| Tread | upper horizontal portion of step which the foot is placed on |
| Riser | vertical portion of step that supports the tread. |
| Flight | step of steps |
| Landing | level platform between flights. Also at the top and bottom of flights. |
| Tread to Riser Ratio - | riser range is 4 to 7” / 6” preferred. Tread between 11” and 18” (dictated by how much space you have to cover) |
| Design Considerations of Steps | Rarely use 1 step → tripping hazard 3 to five minimum. Odd number sets preferred All treads and risers should remain consistent. |
| Materials for steps | Stairs may be constructed of timber, bricks, stone, steel or reinforced concrete NOT asphalt |
| Landing Configuration | Landings should be every 5ft (‘) in height change (~9-11) risers to alleviate fatigue. Typical length of 5’. |
| Landing Joints | Provide either a control joint or expansion joint at the top of the stair that is equal to the tread width. This serves as a visual queue. |
| Stair Width | Wider = more expensive 4’ width is typical exterior. Larger areas will be around 5’ width. (two people able to pass) |
| Nosing | Slope slightly toward the nose of the tread to allow water to drain. ¼” per foot wash Minimum slop is about 1% or ⅛” per foot. Preferred slope is 2% or ¼” per foot. Adding a nosing will help with drainage/slipping |
| Outdoor risers are typically ____ than those indoors | shorter |
| Outdoor stair designs - | Freestanding Cheekwall In-wall Handrails |
| Handrails are required for | stairs that have more than 3 risers (for ADA standards). extra - Rail extension at top → extend beyond at least the tread width Top of rail → around 34” and grip is around 1-½” Rail extension at bottom = tread + 12” |
| Ramps have ___ slope requirements than stairs | lower bc they take more space |
| Slopes for ramps should - | Least possible slope should be used A 5% slope takes up more space than an 8% slope. 8% is the maximum. |
| Cross Slope | Ramps should have a cross slope of 1-2% to improve drainage. |
| Ramp width allowance for one and two way pedestrian travel | one way pedestrian travel requires a minimum of 3’ width Two way travel requires a minimum width of 5’ |
| Clear Width | inside of rail to inside of rail |
| Ramp landings | transition areas that signal beginning and end of grade changes along steep circulation routes. |
| Ramps longer than 30ft... | have a landing b/w each 30 foot ramp segment to allow for pause when negotiating long slopes. |
| Edges on ramps include | curbs, walls, railing or other vertically projecting element |
| Edges on ramps prevent | people from slipping and falling off the ramp edge. |
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