Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Technology
Technology test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| information | collection of data organized in such a way that they have value beyond the facts themselves |
| process | set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome (eg. data into information) |
| knowledge | awareness and understanding of a set of information and the ways it can be made useful to support a task (required to turn data into information) |
| alphanumeric data | represented by numbers, letters, other characters |
| audio data | represented by sounds, noises, tones |
| image data | represented by graphic images/pictures |
| video data | represented by moving images/pictures |
| information system objectives | set of interrelated elements that collect, process, store, and disseminate data and information |
| information system overseer | provides feedback mechanism to monitor and control its operation to make sure it continues to meet its goals and objectives |
| computer-based information system | a single set of hardware, software, database, networks, people and procedures |
| personal IS | information systems that improve the productivity of individual users |
| group IS | information systems that improve communication and support collaboration among members of a workgroup |
| enterprise IS | information systems that organisations use to define structured interactions among their own employees and/or external customers, suppliers, government agencies, etc |
| personal IS example | personal productivity software, decision-support system |
| group IS example | email, IM, project management software |
| enterprise IS example | transaction systems, interorganizational systems |
| systems developement | the activity of creating or modifying information systems |
| organization | a group of people that is structured and managed to meet its mission or set of group goals (open system) |
| value chains | a series of activities that an organization performs to transform inputs into outputs |
| supply chain | key value chain in a manufacturing organization |
| supply chain management | encompasses all the activities required to get the right product into the right customers hands in the right quantity at the right time and cost |
| innovation | the application of new ideas to the products, processes, and activities of a firm, leading to increased value (catalyst for growth of an organization) |
| sustaining innovation | enhancements to existing products, services, and ways of operating |
| disruptive innovation | one that initially provides a lower level performance than the marketplace has grown to expect |
| diffusion of innovation theory | explains how a new idea or product gains acceptance and diffuses/spreads throughout a specific population or subset of organization |
| Innovation adopter: innovator | risk takers, always the first to try new products and ideas |
| Innovation adopter: early adopter | opinion leaders whom other listen to and follow, aware of the need for change |
| Innovation adopter: early majority | listen to and follow the opinion leaders |
| innovation adopter: late majority | skeptical of change and new ideas |
| innovation adopter: laggards | very conservative and highly skeptical of change |
| organizational change | deals with how organizations successfully plan for and implement change |
| soft side of implementing change | involves work designed to help employees embrace a new information system and way of working |
| lewin's change model | unfreezing (preparing for change), moving (making the change), refreezing (institutionalizing) |
| lewin's force field analysis | identifies driving and restraining forces that influence whether change can occur |
| driving forces | beliefs, expectations, cultural norms that encourage a change and give it momentum |
| restraining forces | beliefs that make it difficult to accept change or to work to implement change |
| leavitt's diamond | theory that proposes every organizational system is made up of four main components - people, tasks, structure, and technology- with interaction between them |
| organizational learning | adaptations and adjustments based on experience and ideas over time |
| technology acceptance model | specifies the factors that can lead to better attitudes about the information systems |
| TAM components | perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use |
| management information system | organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices that provide routine information to managers/decision makers |
| decision support system | organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices that support problem specific decision making |
| knowledge management system | organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices that stores and retrieves knowledge, improves collaboration, locates knowledge sources, captures and uses knowledge |
| CPU | part of the computer that sequences and executes instructions |
| CPU components | arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, register areas |
| Memory | provides processor with working storage area to hold program instructions and data |
| Input/output devices | provide data and instructions to computer and receive results from it |
| Clock speed | series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time (GHz, billions of cycles per second, usually 1-4 GHz) |
| Core | part of the CPU responsible for receiving instructions and performing calculations or actions. Instructions enable software to perform specific functions |
| Multiprocessing | 2+ instructions at the same time |
| Coprocessor | helper processor that handles specific tasks outside the CPU |
| Multicore processor | CPU with 2+ independent cores allowing more tasks to happen at the same time |
| Parallel computing | simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors |
| Massively parallel processing systems | system with thousands of processors working on the same task at the same time |
| Grid computing | Use of a collection of computers working in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem |
| GPU | designed to accelerate graphics rendering and image processing, thousands of smaller cores |
| Main memory | provides CPU with working storage area for programs and data, provides data and instructions to CPU |
| Byte (B) | eights bits that represent a single character of data |
| Kilobyte (KB) | 1000 |
| Megabyte (MB) | 10^6 |
| Gigabyte (GB) | 10^9 |
| Terabyte (TB) | 10^12 |
| Petabyte (PB) | 10^15 |
| Exabyte (EB) | 10^18 |
| Zettabyte (ZB) | 10^21 |
| Yottabyte (YB) | 10^24 |
| RAM | Holds programs and data currently in use and feeds them quickly to the CPU |
| DRAM | stores each bit like a tiny charge in a capacitor, leaks over time so must be refreshed, slower than SRAM |
| SRAM | stores each bit using a flip-flop circuit, stays stable so long as power is on, very fast, used for CPU cache, more expensive |
| DDR SDRAM | Common DRAM standard that transfers data faster |
| ROM | permanent built-in memory, holds startup instructions, stores bits on non-volatile chips |
| Secondary Storage | device that stores large amounts of data more permanently than allowed by memory, not directly accessible by CPU |
| Magnetic tape | sequential secondary storage medium |
| Hard disk drive | direct access storage device, consists of rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material |
| Virtual tape | storage device for less frequently needed data |
| Optical storage device | data storage that uses lasers to read and write data (eg. CD, DVD) |
| Solid state storage device | data stored in memory chips , less power needed than magnetic, less fragile than hard drive (eg. USB) |
| Storage area network | high-speed, special purpose network that integrates different types of data storage devices into a single storage system and connects that to computing resources across an entire organisation |
| SAN capabilities | disk mirroring, data backup and restore, data archiving, data migration from one storage device to another, sharing data among other devices |
| liquid crystal display | screen uses several layers of charged liquid crystal placed between clear plates that are lit from behind by a florescent light to create light and images |
| light-emitting diode | LCD display that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as backlight on the screen rather than a florescent lamp |
| Organic light-emitting diode | screen functions by exciting organic compounds with electric current to produce bright, sharp images |
| Plasma | Screen uses electricity to excite gas atoms to light up appropriate phosphors on the screen to emit light and color |
| Thin client | a low cost centrally managed computer with no internal or external attached drives for storage |
| Nettop | Smaller lighter desktop computer |
| Server | A computer employed by many users to perform a specific task, such as running network or internet applications |
| Mainframe computer | a large powerful computer shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a network |
| Supercomputer | one of the most powerful and fastest computers |
| Data center | Building or set of buildings that house the computer hardware that delivers an organizations data and information services |
| Green computing | Program that aims to reduce hazardous material use, lower power-related costs, enable safe disposal or recycling of equipment |
| Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool | System that enables purchasers to evaluate, compare, and select, electronic products based on 51 environmental criterions |
| System Software | includes OS, utilities, and middleware that coordinate activities and functions of the hardware and other programs |
| Application software | programs that help users solve particular computing problems |
| Operating systems | a set of programs that control computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs |
| Kernel | the heart of the operating system, controls the most critical processes of the OS, ties all of the OS components together and regulates other programs |
| User interface | allows individuals to access and interact with computer systems |
| Hardware independance | allows software development without concern for the specific underlying hardware |
| Memory mangement | OS controls how memory (RAM) is used, keeping your computer fast and stable |
| Virtual memory | If RAM is not enough OS uses part of the hard drive as temporary memory |
| Paging (swapping) | Moving data between RAM and storage (creates virtual memory) |
| Multiuser | allows 2+ users to run programs at the same time on one computer |
| Multitasking | allows more than one program to run concurrently |
| Multithreading | allows different threads of a single program to run concurrently |
| Real time | responds to input instantly |
| Network Capability | allows computers in a network to send and receive data and share computing resources |
| Access to System Resources and Security | provides protection against unauthorized access, establishes a logon procedure, tracks who is using system, length of use, attempted security breaches |
| Embedded system | a computer system (including a processor) implanted in and dedicated to the control of another device |
| Utility program | a program that helps to perform maintenance or correct problems with a system |
| Middleware | software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data |
| Enterprise application integration | tying together of disparate applications |
| Service-oriented architecture | a software design approach using modules to provide specific functions as services to other applications |
| Application programs primary function | to apply the power of the computer to enable people, workgroups, and the entire enterprise to solve problems and perform specific tasks |
| Proprietary software | one-of-a-kind program for a specific application, owned by the company, organization, or person that uses it |
| Off-the-shelve software | software mass-produced by software vendors |
| Software as a service | businesses subscribe to web-delivered business application software |
| Programming languages | sets of keywords, commands, symbols, and a set of rules for constructing statements |
| Syntax | a set of rules associated with a programming language |
| Software bug | a defect in a program that keeps it from performing as it should |
| Single-user license | permits you to install the software on one or more computers, used by one person |
| Open-source software | distributed, typically for free, with the source code |
| database | an organized collection of data, integrated and related files |
| database management system | a group of programs that manipulate data and provide an interface between database, users and other application programs |
| Bit (binary digit) | represents a circuit that is either on or off |
| Field | a name, number or combination of characters that describe an aspect of a business object/activity |
| record | a collection of related data fields |
| File/Table | a collection of related records |
| Hierarchy of data | bits - fields - records - files - database (eg. letter F - last name field - record of employee number, name, dob - personnel file - project database) |
| Entity | a person, place or thing for which data is collected, stored and maintained |
| Attribute | a characteristic of an entity |
| Data item | the specific value of an attribute |
| Primary key | a field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record |
| Traditional approach to data management | Each distinct operational system used data files dedicated to that system |
| Database approach to data management | Information systems share a pool of related data, offers ability to share data and information resources (DBMS required) |
| Data model | a diagram of data entities and their relationships |
| Enterprise data modeling | data modeling done at the level of the entire enterprise |
| Entity-relationship diagrams | data models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data |
| Relational model | a simple but highly useful way to organize data into collections of two dimensional tables called relations (row=entity, column=attribute of that entity) |
| Domain | range of allowable values for a data attribute |
| Manipulating data: selecting | eliminating rows according to certain criteria |
| Manipulating data: projecting | eliminating columns in a table |
| Manipulating data: joining | combining two or more tables |
| Manipulating data: linking | combining two or more tables through common data attributes to form a new table with only the unique data attributes |
| Referential Integrity | the idea of ensuring that values linking the tables together through the primary and foreign keys are valid and correctly synchronized |
| Referential integrity rules | No primary key can contain a null value, all foreign keys must be matched by a corresponding primary key value |
| Data cleansing | the process of detecting and then correcting or deleting incomplete, incorrect, inaccurate, irrelevant records that reside in a database |
| Data validation | the identification of "bad data" and its rejection at the time of data entry |
| SQL (structured query language) | a special purpose programming language for accessing and manipulating data stored in a relational database (conform to ACID properties) |
| A- Atomicity | Ensures that a transaction is treated as a single indivisible unit. Either all operations within the transaction are completed successfully, or none are applied |
| C - Consistency | Guarantees that a transaction transforms the database from one valid state to another. Data integrity must always be maintained |
| I - Isolation | Ensures that concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other, maintaining integrity. Different isolation levels define how transactions interact. |
| D- Durability | Ensures that once a transaction is committed, its changes are permanently stored in the database, even in case of system failure |
| Schema | a description of the entire database that tells: tables (where data is stored), relationships (how different tables are connected, like linking students to courses in school database), Rules (what type of data can be entered) |
| Schema extra info | can be part of database or separate schema file, DBMS can reference schema to find where to access requested data in relation to another piece of data |
| Data definition language | a collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a specific database, allows database's creator to describe data and relationships that are to be contained in the schema |
| Data dictionary | a detailed description of all the data used in the database, can include a description of data flows, info about the way records are organized, data-processing requirements |
| Storing and retrieving data | when application program needs data, it requests data through the DBMS |
| Concurrency control | situation in which two or more users or applications need to access the same record at the same time |
| Query by example | a visual approach to developing database queries or requests |
| Data manipulation language | a specific language provided with a DBMS, allows users to access and modify the data, make queries, generate reports |
| Database administrators | skilled and trained IS professionals, a non technical position responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data issues |
| Front-end applications | DBSMs that interact directly with people |
| Back-end applications | DBSMs that interact with other programs or applications |
| Data management | An integrated set of functions that defines the processes by which data is obtained, certified fit for use, stored, secured, and processed to ensure that the accessibility, reliability, and timeliness of the data meet the needs of the data users |
| Data governance | defines the roles, responsibilities, and processes for ensuring that data can be trusted and used by an organization |
| Data lifecycle management | a policy-based approach to managing the flow of an enterprise's data |
| Data warehouse | a large database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise in the support of management decision making |
| Data mart | a subset of a data warehouse that is used by small and medium sized businesses and departments within large companies to support decision making, might contain sections with more detailed data than data warehouse |
| Data lake | takes a 'store everything' approach to big data, saving all the data in its raw and unaltered form, also call enterprise data hub |
| NoSQL database | provides a means to store and retrieve data that is modeled using some means other than the simple two-dimensional tabular relations used in relational databases |
| Hadoop | an open source software framework that includes several software modules that provide a means for storing and processing large data sets (includes distributed file system and data processing component) |
| In-memory database | a database management system that stores the entire database in RAM, provides data access at faster rate than storing data on secondary storage, enables analysis of big data and other challenging data-processing applications |
Created by:
user-2024460
Popular Computers sets