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Chapter 2
Intro Audiology (Exam 1)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is sound? | a disturbance in an elastic medium that propagates through that medium as a longitudinal wave, a stimulus that causes an auditory sensation |
| What is a medium? | solid, liquid, has |
| What does propagate mean? | moves |
| What is the psychological definition of a sound? | an auditory experience, the act of hearing something |
| What is the physical definition of a sound? | a series of disturbances within and propagated through an elastic medium such as air |
| What does sound require? | a source of energy, sound source, and elastic medium |
| What is a sound source? | vibrating object or brief event such as an explosion or thunfer |
| What are some examples of a source of energy? | lungs, strike |
| What are some examples of a sound source? | vocal folds, tuning fork |
| When does hearing take place? | when pressure waves of sound vibration enter the ear |
| What is elasticity? | the springiness of the object, or how close the molecules move/how they move |
| What happens as the distance between molecules decrese? | elasticity increases |
| What is Brownian Motion? | the rapid and random movement of air particles |
| When do air molecules bounce off each other? | when they are disturbed by an object being set into vibration (applied force) |
| What is condensation/compression? | when molecules are pushed close together |
| What is rarefaction? | when a space exists between areas of compression/molecules are further apart |
| Why do the original molecules bounce back to their starting position in a wave? | because of elasticity |
| How does a transverse wave move? | direction of particle displacement is perpendicular to wave propagation (think about the surface of water being disturbed by a pebble) |
| How does a longitudinal wave move? | molecules move in the same direction as the waves when force is applied (wheat blowing in the wind) |
| What is a sine wave? | the graphic representation of sound waves, which are not visible |
| What type of wave is NOT a sound wave? | a transverse wave |
| What are the components of a sine wave? | frequency, period, wavelength, phase, and amplitude |
| What is frequency perceived as? | pitch |
| What is amplitude perceived as? | loudness |
| What is frequency? | the number of cycles per second, measured in hertz (Hz) |
| What is a cycle? | one peak to the next |
| What is a period? | the time required to complete a full cycle (1/frequency) |
| What happens as the length of a wave increases? | the frequency decreases |
| What is a wavelength? | the distance from any point on a sine wave to the same point on the next cycle (peak to peak OR valley to valley) |
| What is a common complaint from someone with hearing loss? | difficulty hearing someone speaking from another room |
| What length of wave moves easier around corners and obstructions? | longer wavelengths (vowels) |
| What is phase used for? | to discuss relationships among corresponding points on different waves, in terms used to describe circular motion |
| What does it mean when sine waves are in phase? | 2 waveforms have the same frequency and the same phase |
| What does it mean if sine waves are out of phase? | 2 waveforms have the same frequency, but not the same phase |
| What is amplitude? | the maximum vertical distance reached in either direction |
| What can influence the properties foam mass and its vibration? | energy, free vibrations, and forced vibrations |
| When can a mass be set into vibration? | when it is given the right amount of energy |
| What is friction? | the opposition to movement which converts some of the movement caused by the vibration into heat |
| What is free vibrations? | if no outside force is added to continue a movement |
| What are forced vibrations? | if an outside force is added to an object to continue the vibration |
| What is unchanged in both free and forced vibrations? | the number of times the mass moves back and forth is not altered by the distance of the object |
| What is resonant frequency? | the natural rate of vibrations of a mass where it vibrates most easily |
| What is sound velocity? | the speed that a sound travels from one point to another |
| How is sound velocity determined? | elasticity of the medium, force, friction |
| What are beats? | the noticeable changes in amplitude when two tones of almost identical frequencies are presented |
| What are simple sounds? | pure tones, consist of only one frequency, use this type of sound for testing hearing sensitivity |
| What are complex sounds? | consist of more than one frequency combined, what most everyday sounds are |
| How can complex sound waves be analyzed? | through fundamental frequency, harmonics, and spectrum of the complex sound |
| What is fundamental frequency? | the lowest rate of a complex sound's vibration (lowest frequency), determined by the physical properties of the vibrating object, represents the basic pitch we perceive |
| What is intensity? | how far an object vibrates (think amplitude, how far did it go from the starting point) |
| How can we compare sound waves? | based on force difference, amplitude, pressure, work, etc |
| How is intensity of a sound wave reduced? | by getting further from the sound souuurce |
| Why do we use the decibel? | because the range of human hearing is so large, it is more convenient to discuss intensity in terms of a ratio |
| What are the important aspects of the dB | it is a ratio, it uses logarithms, it is nonlinear, it can be expressed in terms of various reference levels, is a relative unit of measure, 0 dB does NOT mean silence, |
| What does 0 dB mean? | there is no difference between the reference and the sound being measured |
| What is a logarithm? | a number expressed as an exponent that tells us how often a number is multiplied by itself |
| What does the exponent of a logarithm tell us? | how many times the base will be used in multiplication |
| What is the most common logarithm base in acoustics? | base 10 |
| What is decibel intensity level (dB IL)? | useful to express the dB with an intensity reference |
| How does one add dB IL? | when the intensity of a wave is doubled, the number of decibels is not doubled, it is increased by three |
| What is the reference for decibel hearing level? | normal hearing |
| What is a pure tone threshold? | the level at which the tone is so soft a person can only detect the tone 50% of the time it is presented |
| What is psychoacoustics? | the relationship between a physical stimulus and psychological response |
| What is pitch? | the psychological correlate of frequency of our subjective impression of frequencies (high or low) |
| What is loudness? | the psychological correlate of intensity or our subjective impression of intensity (louder or softer) |
| What is masking? | when two sounds are heard simultaneously, the intensity of one sound (the masker) may be enough to cause the other (signal) to be inaudible |
| What is complex resistance (reactance)? | the correlation between the effects of elasticity and mass on wave transmition |
| What is mass reactance? | density of the medium |
| What is stiffness reactance? | elasticity of the medium |
| What is Impedance (Z)? | the opposition to the transmission of energy |
| What are the two types of sound measurement audiologists are interested in? | hearing ability of patients with possible disorders of the auditory system, sound pressure levels in the environment |
| What is an audiometer used for? | to establish a patient's normal hearing sensitivity |
| What is calibration of audiometer? | important for correct measures, requires measurement of sound output |
| What does sound level meters? | designed to measure air borne sound in a variety of environments, picks up pressure waves, reads it out loud |
| What are sound level meters used for? | measure acceptable levels of noise in audiometric sound suit or whatever room is being used for testing |
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hrshook0104
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