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positioning- BE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the length of the large intestine? | 5 feet |
| How many layers compose the wall of the colon? | 4 |
| What are the main functions of the large intestine? | Reabsorption of fluids and elimination of waste products |
| To which part of the colon is the vermiform appendix attached? | Cecum |
| What is the opening between the small intestine and the large intestine called? | Ileocecal valve |
| What area of the colon is identified as the ascending colon? | Ascending colon |
| What contraction waves move contents toward the rectum? | Peristalsis |
| How long does it take barium to reach the rectum? | 24 hours |
| What is the most common contrast medium used for gastrointestinal examinations? | Barium sulfate |
| What is one of the most important technical considerations in gastrointestinal radiography? | Elimination of motion |
| Which position should the patient be in to insert the enema tip for a barium enema? | Sims |
| How far above the anus is the enema bag placed during a barium enema? | 18 to 24 inches |
| Which radiographs are taken during a single-contrast barium enema? | 'Filled' colon radiographs and postevacuation radiographs |
| What is the central-ray angulation for the PA axial projection of the large intestine? | 30 to 40 degrees caudad |
| What degree of body rotation is used for the PA oblique projection of the large intestine? | 35 to 45 degrees |
| Which projection best demonstrates the right colic flexure? | PA oblique, RAO |
| Which projection best demonstrates the ascending colon? | PA oblique, RAO |
| What is the central ray position for the PA oblique projections of the large intestine? | A longitudinal plane 1 to 2 inches lateral to the midline of the body on the elevated side |
| Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the left colic flexure? | PA oblique, LAO |
| At what level is the center of the IR positioned for a lateral projection of the rectosigmoid area? | ASIS |
| Which plane is centered to the grid for a lateral projection of the large intestine? | midcoronal plane |
| What is the central-ray angulation for the AP axial projection of the large intestine? | 30 to 40 degrees cephalad |
| What is the degree of body rotation for an AP oblique projection of the large intestine? | 35 to 45 degrees |
| Which projections will clearly demonstrate the right colic flexure? | 1 and 2 (right lateral and AP oblique, LPO) |
| Which projections will clearly demonstrate the descending colon? | 1 and 2 (PA oblique, LAO and AP oblique, RPO) |
| Where is the IR centered for all decubitus projections of the large intestine? | iliac crests |
| Which projection demonstrates the rectum and rectosigmoid area in a true axial projection? | AP axial |
| Which projection is used for radiographs made during defecography? | lateral |
| What are the pouches called that make up the large intestine? | haustra |
| What is the pouchlike portion of the large intestine below the junction of the ileum and colon? | cecum |
| At which flexure does the ascending portion of the colon join the transverse colon? | right colic flexure |
| For which type of body habitus is the large intestine bunched together and positioned very low in the abdomen? | asthenic |
| How far is the enema tip inserted into the rectum for a colon examination? | no more than 4 inches |
| In which projection is the entire colon best demonstrated? | PA or AP |
| Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the medial aspect of the ascending colon and the lateral aspect of the descending colon when inflated with air? | AP, right lateral decubitus |
| Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the lateral aspect of the ascending colon and the medial aspect of the descending colon when inflated with air? | AP, left lateral decubitus |
| Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the posterior portions of the colon? | lateral |
| What is the name of the s-shaped portion of the colon that lies proximal to the rectum? | sigmoid colon |
| Which position is the patient in for insertion of the enema tip? | Sim's |
| What is the most important prerequisite for a barium enema? | Large intestines must be completely emptied |
| What is intussusception? | Telescoping of a segment of the intestine into an adjacent segment |
| What is volvulus? | Twisting of the bowel |
| What is ileus? | Obstruction of the bowel |
| What is Hirschsprung's disease? | Congenital megacolon in distal colon due to absence of ganglion |
| Which portions of the colon are located most anterior? | Transverse colon and sigmoid colon |
| What is defecography? | Functional study of the anus and rectum during the evacuation and rest phases of defecation |
| What is a single contrast barium enema? | Procedure using a thin barium sulfate mixture or a water-soluble contrast media |
| What is a double contrast barium enema? | Procedure using both barium and air, more effective in demonstrating polyps and diverticula |
| What is pyloric stenosis? | A condition in which the opening between the stomach and small intestine thickens |
| What is the longest and most movable portion of the large intestine? | Transverse colon |
| What is the most important reason for proper colon cleaning? | Retained fecal matter when coated with barium may simulate a mass |
| What is the proper height of the enema bag? | 18-24 inches above the table |
| Which projection of the large intestines best demonstrates the rectum? | lateral or ventral decubitus |
| What is the proper degree and direction of the central ray angulation for an AP axial projection of the rectosigmoid region? | 30-40 degrees cephalad |
| What is the proper degree of body rotation for oblique projections of the large intestine? | 35 to 45 degrees |
| Where does the central ray enter for AP axial of rectosigmoid region? | 2 inches below the ASIS |
| What is found between the cecum and transverse colon? | Appendix |
| What is the blind pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve? | Cecum |
| What is the band of muscles that pull the large intestines into pouches? | Taeniae coli |
| What is demonstrated with an evacuation proctography? | Lateral |
| Which position is the patient placed in for imaging during evacuation proctography? | Ileocecal valve |
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