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positioning- abdomen
/digestive system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where is the liver primarily located in the abdomen? | RUQ |
| How many major and minor lobes does the liver have? | Four |
| Does the liver perform more than 100 different functions? | True |
| What is the main function of bile? | Emulsify fats |
| Where is bile formed? | Liver |
| Which functions are performed by the gallbladder? | Storage, concentration, and release of bile |
| What is a primary function of cholecystokinin? | Stimulates the gallbladder to contract |
| Where is cholecystokinin produced? | Duodenal mucosa |
| What is an older term for the pancreatic duct? | Duct of Wirsung |
| What is an older term for the hepatopancreatic sphincter? | Sphincter of Oddi |
| Which biliary structure is labeled 4? | Cystic duct |
| Which biliary structure is labeled 1? | Fundus |
| Which biliary structure is labeled 6? | Left hepatic duct |
| Which biliary structure is labeled 9? | Pancreatic duct |
| Which region of the biliary system is labeled 10? | Hepatopancreatic ampulla |
| What does the prefix 'Chole-' pertain to? | Bile |
| What is the term for the radiographic examination of the biliary ducts? | Cholangiography |
| Which structure is not considered an accessory organ of digestion? | Kidneys |
| What enzymes does saliva contain to begin the digestion of? | Starch |
| What is the act of swallowing called? | Deglutition |
| Which structures are not one of the salivary glands? | All of the above are salivary glands |
| Where is the esophagus located in relation to the larynx? | Posterior |
| What creates a normal indentation along the lateral border of the esophagus? | Aortic arch and left primary bronchus |
| What two forces propel food down the esophagus? | Peristalsis and gravity |
| What is the opening between the stomach and esophagus called? | Esophagogastric junction |
| What does Part ii refer to? | Soft palate |
| What does Part iv refer to? | Oropharynx |
| What does Part ix refer to? | Uvula |
| What does Part iii refer to? | Nasopharynx |
| What does Part vii refer to? | Trachea |
| What does Part i refer to? | Nasal cavity |
| What describes the outer, lateral border of the stomach? | Greater curvature |
| What are the longitudinal mucosal folds found within the stomach called? | Rugae |
| Toward which aspect(s) of the stomach will barium gravitate in a prone position? | Body and pylorus |
| Which aspect of the stomach is attached to the duodenum? | Pylorus |
| Which specific part of the pancreas is adjacent to the C-loop of the duodenum? | Head |
| Which division of the duodenum contains the duodenal bulb? | First (superior) |
| What indicates the junction between the duodenum and jejunum? | Suspensory muscle of the duodenum |
| What is the classification of barium sulfate as a contrast media? | Radiopaque |
| What type of solution is formed when barium is mixed with water? | Colloidal suspension |
| Can swallowed air be used as a negative contrast medium during an upper GI series? | True |
| Which statement is true about barium sulfate? | It rarely produces an allergic reaction |
| Which clinical indication would mandate the use of an oral, water-soluble contrast agent? | Patient with a possible perforated bowel |
| What patient care concern would prevent the use of an oral, water-soluble contrast medium? | The patient is sensitive to iodine |
| What is a possible cause of peptic ulcers? | bacteria |
| What is the most common radiographic procedure performed to diagnose GERD? | Endoscopy |
| What is the minimum lead equivalency for protective aprons worn during fluoroscopy? | 0.5 mm |
| Which imaging modality is most effective in diagnosing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS)? | Ultrasound |
| What is a potential risk associated with the use of water-soluble contrast agents for geriatric patients? | Dehydration |
| What type of breathing instructions should be given during an esophagogram using a thin barium mixture? | Shallow breathing and continued swallowing during exposure |
| What is the most effective cardinal principle of radiation protection to reduce dose during fluoroscopy? | Distance |
| Which imaging position best demonstrates the pylorus and duodenal bulb in profile during a double-contrast study? | LPO |
| What is the recommended NPO duration before an adult upper GI series? | 8 hours |
| What is the required obliquity for the RAO position for the esophagus? | 35° to 40° |
| What is the primary reason for performing a Valsalva maneuver during an esophagogram? | To demonstrate possible esophageal reflux |
| What is the effect of inadequate kV or mAs on a computed radiography image? | mottled image |
| Which imaging modality is performed to diagnose Barrett's esophagus? | Nuclear medicine |
| What is the best position to fill the body and pylorus with barium during an upper GI series? | PA |
| What percentage of ulcers lead to bowel perforation? | 5% |
| What is the first step in patient preparation for an esophagram? | NPO 4 to 6 hours before the procedure. |
| What is the most common form of intestinal obstruction found in infants? | Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) |
| Which device reduces scatter exposure during fluoroscopy? | Bucky slot cover |
| What is the purpose of collimation in radiographic procedures? | To enhance digital image quality |
| What is the significance of the sternal angle in CR centering for an esophagogram? | It is the reference point for centering. |
| What is the common outcome of duodenal ulcers? | They are rarely malignant. |
| What is the effect of increased kV on a radiograph during an upper GI series? | Improved visibility of gastric mucosa. |
| What is the best method to demonstrate a foreign body stuck in the esophagus? | Esophagogram using very thick barium. |
| What is the primary purpose of using a compression paddle during fluoroscopy? | To reduce scatter exposure. |
| What is the recommended patient position for most esophagograms? | Erect. |
| What is the effect of using a water-soluble contrast medium during an upper GI series? | Improved visualization of structures. |
| What is the significance of the vertebral level T5 or T6 in esophagogram procedures? | It is the centering point for CR. |
| What is the primary reason for using lead gloves during fluoroscopy? | To protect against radiation exposure. |
| What is the typical duration for NPO status before an esophagram? | 4 to 6 hours. |
| What is the most common complication of peptic ulcers? | Bowel perforation. |
| What is an esophagogram using very thick barium? | A diagnostic imaging procedure using a thick barium solution to visualize the esophagus. |
| What procedure is most diagnostic for a gastric ulcer? | Double-contrast upper GI series. |
| What special projection is helpful for visualizing the upper esophagus near T1? | Swimmer's lateral position. |
| What projection needs to be repeated if the fundus is filled with barium and the pylorus and duodenal bulb are air-filled? | LPO. |
| Which position may help demonstrate a hiatal hernia during an upper GI series? | AP Trendelenburg position. |
| What condition produces the 'halo' sign in the duodenum during an upper GI series? | Ulcer. |
| What is indicated by a punctate collection of barium surrounded by a halo appearance during an upper GI series? | Ulcers. |
| What does a gastric bubble seen above the diaphragm indicate? | Hiatal Hernia. |
| What is achalasia? | Stricture or narrowing of the esophagus. |
| What is Zenker Diverticulum? | Enlarged recess in the proximal esophagus. |
| What does the presence of a Schatzki ring indicate? | Possible sliding hiatal hernia. |
| What is the speckled appearance of the gastric mucosa with absence of rugae indicative of? | Gastritis. |
| What are the characteristics of gastric carcinoma? | Filling defects, marked or nodular edges, associated ulceration of mucosa. |
| Which part of the small intestine has a feathery appearance when filled with barium? | Jejunum. |
| Which part of the small intestine has the largest diameter? | Duodenum. |
| Which part of the small intestine is the shortest? | Duodenum. |
| Which part of the small intestine makes up three-fifths of its entirety? | Ileum. |
| Which aspect of the large intestine is located highest in the abdomen? | Left colic flexure. |
| Which structure is not considered part of the colon? | Rectum. |
| Which part of the large intestine has the widest diameter? | Cecum. |
| Which part of the colon has the greatest amount of potential movement? | Transverse colon. |
| What is the term for the three bands of muscle that pull the large intestine into pouches? | Taenia coli. |
| What is the structure labeled 6? | Vermiform appendix. |
| What is the structure labeled 1? | Left colic flexure. |
| What is the structure labeled 7? | Cecum. |
| Are the ascending colon and upper rectum intraperitoneal structures? | False. |
| Which sections of the large intestine will most likely be filled with air in the prone position during a double-contrast barium enema? | Transverse and sigmoid colon. |
| Which part of the GI tract synthesizes and absorbs vitamins B and K? | Large intestine. |
| What is a common radiographic sign for a mechanical ileus? | Circular staircase or herringbone pattern. |
| What is Meckel diverticulum best diagnosed with? | Radionuclide (nuclear medicine) scan. |
| Which condition may produce the 'cobblestone' or 'string' sign? | Regional enteritis (Crohn's disease). |
| Which procedure is considered a functional study? | Small bowel series. |
| When is a small bowel series deemed complete? | Once the contrast media passes the ileocecal valve and barium fills the cecum. |
| What is the term describing a double-contrast small bowel procedure? | Enteroclysis. |
| How many hours must a patient be NPO before a small bowel series? | 8 hours. |
| Where is the tip of the catheter advanced during an enteroclysis? | Duodenojejunal junction (ligament of Treitz). |
| What is a twisting of the intestine on its own mesentery called? | Volvulus. |
| What is a telescoping of one part of the intestine into another called? | Intussusception. |
| What radiographic sign is often seen with chronic ulcerative colitis? | Stovepipe sign. |
| What radiographic sign is frequently seen with adenocarcinoma of the large intestine? | 'Napkin ring' or 'apple core' sign. |
| Which of the following is classified as an irritant laxative? | Castor oil. |
| What condition would contraindicate the use of a cathartic before a barium enema? | Obstruction. |
| Should rectal retention enema tips be fully inflated before beginning a barium enema? | False. |
| At what stage of respiration should the enema tip be inserted into the rectum? | Suspended expiration. |
| In what position is the patient placed for the enema tip insertion? | Sims'. |
| During initial enema tip insertion, where is the tip aimed? | Toward the umbilicus. |
| What position is recommended for a barium enema on an infant? | 10 Fr, flexible silicone catheter |
| What is the ideal kV range for a double-contrast barium enema? | 90 to 100 |
| What is the opening leading into the intestine for a patient with a colostomy called? | Stoma |
| What type of enema tip is used during a colostomy barium enema? | False |
| Which pathologic condition is best demonstrated with evacuative proctography? | Rectal prolapse |
| What specific aspect of the large intestine must be demonstrated during evacuative proctography? | Anorectal angle |
| What is the maximum height for the enema bag above the radiographic table? | 24 inches (92 cm) |
| Which projection is most commonly performed during an evacuative proctogram? | Lateral |
| Why is the posteroanterior (PA) projection recommended for a small bowel series? | Better separation of loops of small intestine |
| Which position best demonstrates the left colic flexure? | Left anterior oblique (LAO) |
| Which position would best demonstrate a polyp in the descending colon during a double-contrast barium enema? | Right lateral decubitus |
| How can poor visualization of the sigmoid be improved on a repeat AP barium enema? | Angle the central ray (CR) 30° to 40° cephalad with AP projection. |
| Which projections provide the greatest amount of gonadal dosage to patients during a barium enema? | Lateral rectum |
| What is another term for the AP axial projection taken during a barium enema procedure? | Butterfly position |
| How much CR angulation is required for the AP axial projection? | 30° to 40° |
| What should a technologist do if they experience resistance while inserting an enema tip? | Have the radiologist insert it using fluoroscopic guidance. |
| Why is it important to review the patient's chart before a barium enema examination? | The biopsy of the colon may weaken that portion of the colon, which could lead to a perforation during the BE examination. |
| Is computed tomography colonography (CTC) considered an effective alternative to endoscopic colonoscopy? | True |
| Why is oral contrast media sometimes given during computed tomography colonography? | To mark or 'tag' possible fecal matter |
| What is the average time to scan the large intestine during computed tomography colonography? | 10 minutes |
| What is ileus? | Obstruction of the small intestine |
| What is a neoplasm in the context of the intestine? | New growth observed in intestine as filling defects |
| Where is Meckel Diverticulum often found? | 50 to 100 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve |
| What is malabsorption syndrome (sprue)? | Patient with lactose or sucrose sensitivities |
| What is enteritis? | Inflammation of the intestine |
| What is regional enteritis (Crohn's disease)? | Chronic inflammatory disease of the GI tract |
| What is giardiasis? | Common parasitic infection of the small intestine |
| What is adynamic or paralytic ileus? | Obstruction of the small intestine due to the cessation of peristalsis |
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