Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
positioning review
bontrager chapters 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the back half of the patient called? | Posterior |
| What is the front half of the patient called? | Anterior |
| What is the posterior aspect of the foot called? | Plantar |
| What is the anterior surface of the hand called? | Palmar |
| What does it mean to be in an upright position? | Erect |
| What is the placement of a body part referred to as? | Position |
| What is the path of the central ray called? | Projection |
| What does proximal mean? | Near the point of attachment to the trunk |
| What divides the body into equal right and left sides? | Midsagittal plane |
| What position is lying face down? | Ventral recumbent position |
| What position is lying on the back, facing upward? | Supine position |
| What is the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum called? | Peritoneal cavity |
| What does recumbent mean? | Lying down in any position |
| What is the top or anterior surface of the foot called? | Dorsum pedis |
| What does caudad mean? | Away from the head |
| What is the degree of blackness or darkness controlled by mAs? | Density |
| What is the anatomical position? | Standing erect, facing forward with arms to the side with palms out |
| What is the oblique position? | The patient is placed at an angle to the x-ray beam |
| What is the Trendelenburg position? | Lying on back with body tilted so that the head is lower than the feet |
| What does the transverse plane do? | Divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
| What is the coronal or frontal plane? | Vertical division of the body into anterior and posterior portions |
| What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration? | It contracts, flattening and pulling air into the lungs |
| What happens to the diaphragm during expiration? | It relaxes, returning to an upward 'C' shape, forcing air out of the lungs |
| What structures are found in the right upper quadrant? | Liver, gallbladder, right hepatic flexure, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney, right suprarenal gland |
| What structures are found in the right lower quadrant? | Ascending colon, appendix, cecum, 2/3 of ileum, ileocecal valve |
| What structures are found in the left upper quadrant? | Spleen, stomach, left splenic flexure, tail of pancreas, left kidney, left suprarenal gland |
| What structures are found in the left lower quadrant? | Descending colon, sigmoid colon, 2/3 of jejunum |
| What position demonstrates the anterior and posterior aspects of the stomach on the same image? | Lateral position |
| What positions demonstrate the duodenal loop? | PA and RAO, AP and LPO |
| What positions demonstrate the fundus of the stomach? | AP and LPO |
| What instructions are given to the patient following a barium sulfate contrast examination? | Increase fluid and fiber intake, changes in stool color will occur, contact a physician if there is no bowel movement within 24 hours |
| What is required for a patient to drink in order to demonstrate the esophagus and pylorus of the stomach? | Barium sulfate suspension |
| What are the patient preparation instructions for an upper gastrointestinal (GI) examination? | NPO 8 hours before the examination |
| What examinations require a restriction of the patient's diet? | GI series and pyelogram |
| What parenteral route is usually used for the administration of contrast agents for radiographic purposes? | Intravenous |
| What type of drug should be given to a patient who develops hives after injection of an iodinated contrast agent? | Antihistamine |
| What is a normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) range? | 8 to 25 mg/100 mL |
| What are synovial joints? | Freely movable joints that contain a fluid-filled joint capsule |
| What is an example of a ginglymus (hinge) joint? | Elbow joint, interphalangeal joints |
| What is an example of a plane (gliding) joint? | Intercarpal joints, intermetacarpal joints |
| What is an example of a trochoid (pivot) joint? | Proximal and distal radioulnar joints, C1-2 joint |
| What is an example of an ellipsoid (condyloid) joint? | 1st-5th metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist joint |
| What is an example of a sellar (saddle) joint? | 1st carpometacarpal joint at thumb, ankle joint |
| What is an example of a spheroidal (ball and socket) joint? | Shoulder, hip |
| What is an example of a bicondylar joint? | Knee, temporomandibular joint |
| What primarily affects radiographic contrast in the digital image? | Application of processing algorithms |
| What are the structures of the mediastinum from anterior to posterior? | Apex of heart, trachea, esophagus |
| What are the four major structures in the mediastinum? | Thymus gland, heart and great vessels, trachea, esophagus |
| What are the structures of the colon labeled in an x-ray with barium and air swallow? | Appendix, cecum, ascending colon, right hepatic flexure, transverse colon, left splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum |
| What are the structures labeled in an IVU x-ray? | Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, pelviureteric junction, right ureter, pelviureteric brim, vesico ureteric junction, left kidney, left ureter, urinary bladder |
| What are the four basic types of tissue in the human body? | Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
| How many separate bones are found in the adult human body? | 206 |
| Which system distributes oxygen taken in by the lungs to where it is needed in the body? | Circulatory system |
| Which system maintains the acid fluid base balance of the body? | Urinary system |
| Which system is the largest organ system in the human body? | Integumentary system |
| What are the two divisions of the human skeleton? | Axial and appendicular |
| How many bones are in the axial skeleton? | 80 |
| How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? | 126 |
| Which portion of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells? | The spongy or cancellous portion in the medullary aspect |
| Which part of long bone is responsible for bone growth, repair, and nutrition? | Periosteum |
| What is the primary growth center for long bones? | Diaphysis (body) |
| What is the secondary growth center for long bones? | Epiphysis |
| What are the three functional classifications of joints? | Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diathrosis |
| What are the three structural classifications of joints? | Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial |
| What are examples of fibrous joints? | Roots of teeth, skull sutures |
| What are examples of cartilaginous joints? | Epiphyses, intervertebral disc space, symphysis pubis |
| What position demonstrates the apices of lungs without superimposition of clavicles? | Lordotic position |
| How many projections are required when joints are in the prime interest area? | Three |
| What are the minimum two projections needed for every radiographic exam? | When anatomic structures are superimposed, localization of lesions or foreign bodies, determination of alignment of fractures |
| How many projections do long bones require? | Two |
| How many projections are necessary for the foot? | Three |
| How many projections are necessary for the chest? | Two |
| How many projections do knees require? | Two |
| What percentage of patients does the sthenic body habitus make up? | 35% |
| What percentage of patients does the hyposthenic body habitus make up? | 10% |
| What percentage of patients does the asthenic body habitus make up? | 5% |
| What percentage of patients does the hypersthenic body habitus make up? | 11% |
| What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones? | Hyaline and articular cartilage |
| What is the narrow space between the inner and outer table of flat bones in the cranium called? | Diploë |
| What is the primary center for endochondral ossification in long bones? | Epiphyses |
| What are the secondary growth centers of endochondral ossification found in long bones called? | Metaphysis |
| Where does bone growth in length occur in long bones? | At the epiphyseal plate |
| What are some examples of flat bones? | Sternum, scapulae, calvarium |
| What are some examples of long bones? | Femur, fibula, tibia, radius, ulna, humerus |
| What are some examples of short bones? | Carpals, tarsals |
| What are some examples of irregular bones? | Pelvic bones, sacrum, vertebrae |
| What does circumduction mean? | To move around in the form of a circle |
| What does contralateral mean? | On the opposite side of the body |
| What is abduction? | Movement of an extremity away from the midline |
| What is Fowler's position? | Head higher than feet position |
| What does LAO refer to? | Left Anterior Oblique position |
| What position is performed when a patient is recumbent facing down with the left side turned 30 degrees toward the image receptor? | LAO position |
| What position is performed when the x-ray tube is directed horizontally entering the left side and exiting the right side? | RPO position |
| What is the name of the projection in which the CR merely skims a body part? | Tangential projection |
| What is the primary controlling factor for radiographic contrast? | kVp |
| What techniques can reduce scatter radiation striking the IR? | Collimation, lower kVp, grids |
| What best controls involuntary cardiac motion artifact? | Shortening the exposure time |
| What is the term for the misrepresentation of an object's size or shape on a radiograph? | Distortion |
| What controls the contrast of a digital image? | Window width |
| What is the common name for the sternum? | Breast bone |
| What is the common name for the thyroid cartilage of the larynx? | Adam's apple |
| What is the common name for the larynx? | Voice box |
| What is the 7th cervical vertebra also known as? | Vertebra prominens |
| Where does the trachea bifurcate? | At the carina to form the right and left bronchi |
| What is the area of each lung where the bronchi and blood vessels enter and leave called? | Hilum |
| What are the structures within the lung where gas exchange occurs called? | Alveoli |
| What is the condition called when blood fills the potential space between the layers? | Hemothorax |
| What is the extreme, outermost lower corner of each lung called? | Costophrenic angle |
| What body habitus is characterized by a narrow thorax that is shallow from front to back but long in vertical dimension? | Asthenic |
| What is the name of the specialized immobilization device used for pediatric chest studies? | Pigg-O-Stat |
| What is the best kV and SID level for adult chest radiography? | 125 kV, 72-inch SID |
| What kV is recommended for a chest study for a young pediatric patient? | 70-85 kV |
| Why are the shoulders pressed downward and toward the IR for a PA projection of the chest? | To reduce chest rotation |
| Why are the shoulders rolled forward for a PA projection of the chest? | To remove scapulae from lung fields |
| Where is the CR placed for an AP supine projection of the chest? | 3 to 4 inches below the jugular notch |
| What term is defined as shortness of breath? | Dyspnea |
| What is the condition called when all or a portion of the lung is collapsed? | Atelectasis |
| What is the condition called when excess fluid builds in the lungs due to obstruction of the pulmonary circulation? | Pulmonary edema |
| What is a sudden blockage of an artery in the lung called? | Pulmonary emboli |
| What should be done to manual exposure factors for a patient with a large pneumothorax? | Be reduced |
| What specific positioning error occurs if a PA chest radiography reveals that the left sternoclavicular joint is superimposed over the spine? | Rotation into a LAO position |
| What should be performed if a radiograph of an AP lordotic projection reveals the clavicles projected within the apices? | Perform an AP semiaxial projection |
| What specific position or projection can be performed to confirm the presence of pneumothorax in a patient unable to stand or sit erect? | Left lateral decubitus |
| What is indicated if a PA lateral chest study reveals a suspicious mass located near the heart in the right lung? | 60º LAO |
| What does a PA lateral chest study reveal? | A suspicious mass located near the heart in the right lung. |
| Which position should be used to delineate a mass from the heart? | Anterior oblique position. |
| What projection should be used for a patient with pulmonary edema suspected of having fluid in the left lung? | Left lateral decubitus. |
| What is the double-walled membrane lining the abdominal cavity called? | Peritoneum. |
| What is the first portion of the small intestine? | Duodenum. |
| What is located at the junction of the small and large intestine? | Ileocecal valve. |
| What are the accessory organs of the digestive system? | Liver, gallbladder, pancreas. |
| Which structure stores and releases bile? | Gallbladder. |
| Which structure connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall? | Mesentery. |
| Which region of the abdomen contains the spleen? | Left hypochondriac. |
| What are the three peritoneum compartments? | Intraperitoneum, retroperitoneum, infraperitoneum. |
| What structures are in the intraperitoneal space? | Cecum, jejunum, liver, gallbladder. |
| What structures are in the retroperitoneal space? | Ascending colon, adrenal gland, duodenum, pancreas. |
| What structures are in the infraperitoneal space? | Ovaries, urinary bladder. |
| At which vertebral level does the xiphoid process correspond? | T9-T10. |
| What is the iliac crest of the ilium corresponding to? | L4-L5 vertebral interspace. |
| At what level is the pubic symphysis located? | Same level as the greater trochanter of the femur. |
| What level does the thyroid cartilage of the larynx correspond to? | C5. |
| What level does the jugular notch correspond to? | T2-3. |
| At what level is the sternal angle of the sternum located? | T4-T5. |
| At what level is the inferior angle of the scapula located? | T7. |
| What is the central ray centered to for a supine AP projection of the abdomen? | Iliac crest. |
| What is the kVp range for chest radiography? | 110-125. |
| What is the kVp range for abdomen radiography? | 70-80. |
| What is the kVp for foot radiography? | 55 kVp. |
| What breathing instructions should be followed for abdomen radiography? | End of expiration to avoid compression of organs. |
| What breathing instructions should be followed for chest radiography? | Second full inspiration. |
| What is the term for the twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction? | Volvulus. |
| What is the chronic disease involving inflammation of the large intestine? | Ulcerative colitis. |
| What is free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity called? | Pneumoperitoneum. |
| What condition is demonstrated radiographically as distended, air-filled loops of the small bowel? | Ileus. |
| What is the appearance of distended loops of air-filled small intestine in Crohn's disease? | Air-filled 'coiled spring' appearance. |
| What imaging modality provides the quickest method for confirming the presence of gallstones? | Sonography. |
| Which imaging modality is most effectively used to evaluate GI motility and reflux? | Nuclear Medicine. |
Created by:
user-2019507
Popular Physiology sets