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EXAM #1
MLT 126: HEMATOLOGY AND COAGULATION
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of hematology? | Study blood to diagnose and treat blood/bone marrow disorders (via biochemical testing) |
| The presence of (blank) will affect cell size and shape | disease/disordered growth pattern (malignancy) |
| Define Metaplasia | when one adult cell type changes into another |
| The Hematology department functions to.... | 1) confirm the clinical interpretation of physicians 2) establish or rule out a diagnosis 3) detect unsuspected disorders 4) review cell changes through therapy |
| What cellular component in blood is the most abundant and plays a role in oxygen transport? | RBCs |
| Define Dysplasia | abnormal cell features, particularly in premalignant tumors |
| Anaplasia can be defined as pleomorphic, meaning that there are | many different cell shapes and sizes, causing them to look bizarre |
| What are the most common tests performed in Hematology? | CBC (with or w/o differential), Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Reticulocyte count, ESR (erythrocyte sediment rate), WBC differential, Cellular evaluation, Sickle cell |
| Define Hemostasis | process of clot formation to prevent blood loss |
| What can happen if any stage in hemostasis is disrupted? | abnormal bleeding or clotting can occur |
| What are some common tests performed in Coagulation department? | Prothrombin Time, D-dimer test (clot formation), FDP (analyzes fibrinolysis), APTT, Individual Factor Assay |
| What is the function of Quality Control in Hematology lab testing? | - guide the equipment performance - confirm accuracy of assays in comparison to reference ranges |
| Levey-Jennings Charts are used to display the assay values of _________ vs __________ on a graph | control vs time |
| _______________________ are utilized to view results that skew away from the 2SD deviation of assay results | Westgard Rules |
| What is a trend? | when control values move in one direction away from the mean (for 3 days) |
| A random error or lack of precision that causes a change on either side of the mean is known as... | dispersion |
| When an abrupt change/problem develops suddenly that causes displacement in all the values in one direction (AWAY from the mean), this is called... | shift |
| What is the principle of cumulative sum method (Cusum)? | monitor small shifts (how many deviations are away from the mean) |
| When is a Trend Line Analysis used for? | tracking daily control results/changes in SD using instruments |
| How are reference intervals compiled and what is the purpose of having them? | - pooling a population of healthy people and creating an average based on 2SD+/- - notify lab techs and physicians of potential abnormalities |
| What components are most abundant in cellular membranes? | proteins and lipids |
| Why are antigens an example of peripheral proteins? | They sit on top of the the cell membrane |
| What bodily cell would be most affected by dehydration, and why? | Erythrocytes; imbalance of salt quantity can either make it hypertonic or hypotonic |
| The sodium-potassium pump for muscle nerve contraction is an example of (blank), as a result of enzymatic interaction | active transport |
| Describe Endocytosis | when a vacuole extends itself from the cell membrane and engulfs certain particles or molecules |
| What form of endocytosis binds with lysosomes to destroy bacteria | Phagocytosis |
| True or false: Pinocytosis uses vesicles to engulf unwanted fluids | true |
| How do hormones play a role in organ rejection? | They act as surface antigens/markers that communicate cell recognition along the cell membrane |
| (blank) give cells the ability to divide during mitosis | Centrioles |
| Endoplasmic reticulum divides the cytoplasm into two parts. Rough ER houses ribosomes for (blank), while Smooth ER synthesizes (blank) | protein synthesis; lipids |
| What is the function of Golgi apparatus? | It modifies, sorts, and transports macromolecules to other organelles using secretory vesicles |
| What cellular component utilizes hydrolytic enzymes to destroy particles engulfed by a phagosome? | Lysosome |
| What two cellular components aid in phagocytosis? | lysosomes and microbodies |
| Microtubules gives the cell (blank), while microfilaments give the cell (blank) | shape and structural strength; cell motility and cytoskeletal support |
| What are the two forms of cellular inclusion that reserve energy and iron, respectively? | Glycogen and Ferritin (telolysomes) |
| Why is the presence of nucleoli indicative of the maturation process of RBCs? | they are directly proportional to the amount of protein synthesis occurring in the cell, and they contain RNA and DNA |
| Where does RNA transcription occur? | Chromatin |
| Mitosis is also referred to as | cell proliferation |
| A change in the amino acid sequence and variation in protein can be attributed to WHAT? (most times) | Gene mutations |
| Down syndrome is a condition caused by what? | Trisomy, when one chromosome fails to separate properly, causing 3 chromosomes in two gametes |
| Define homologous | when a chromosome has the same gene in the same order |
| What are the base pairings in RNA transcription? | A-U, C-G |
| Describe DNA substitution | if the substitution of one base to another changes the amino acid sequence, this is a MISSENSE mutation. if it causes the amino acid sequence to stop prematurely, this is a NONSENSE mutation. if nothing changes, this is a SILENT mutation |
| Define Frameshift | when deletion or insertion causes a change in the amino acid reading sequence |
| What is the first developmental stage in Monophyletic Theory? | Totipotential Cell; they can become any cell type, including embryotic cells |
| What blood cell ratio often corresponds with a patient's bone marrow analysis? What does it represent? | Myeloid to Erythroid Ratio (M:E Ratio); it describes the quantity of granulocytes in comparison to RBCs, typically 1:3 or 1:4 Excessive amount of granulocytes indicates malignancy |
| What is a precursor cell? Give an example | Precursor cells are committed, uni-potential stem cells that can only produce one blood cell type, when stimulated to. Myeloblasts are an example of precursor cells |
| (blank) works in conjunction with (blank) to produce and differentiate specific blood cell lines | Growth factors; interlukins |
| Define a Cytokine | Cytokines are mediator proteins that instruct cell-to-cell communication, as well as instruct proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells |
| What cytokine is a major key for coordinating immune response? | Interleukins |
| Define a Cytokine | Cytokines are mediator proteins that instruct cell-to-cell communication, as well as instruct proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells |
| What are the three types of Cytokines? | Interleukins, Colony-Stimulating Factors, Growth Factors |
| What cytokine is important coordinating immune response and lymphocyte development? | Interleukins |
| Where do premature T-cells fully develop? | Thymus |
| What are the two main blood cell groups? | Myeloid and Lymphoid |
| What hematopoietic growth factor (s) are found in the kidneys? | Erythropoietin, Thrombopoietin |
| What hematopoietic growth factor (s) are found in the liver? | Thrombopoietin, Leukopoietin |
| Macrophages and endothelium produce what type of cytokine? What does it do? | CSF; stimulate the formation of precursor, uni-potential stem cells |
| What mature blood cells lack a nucleus? | RBCs and PLTS |
| Why is the Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Ratio utilized when analyzing blood cell characteristics? | We are able to differentiate mature cells from immature cells |
| The chromatin patterns of a mature cell can be described as (blank), but why? | coarse or clumped; they are less active because transcription is not occurring |
| Why would Nucleoli presence in blood cells aid in blood cell analysis? | The synthesis of RNA would indicate towards the cell being young |
| If a blood cell stains lighter in a Wright stain, this blood cell would be considered | mature |
| Specificity or Non-specificity of (blank) would indicate towards maturity levels | granules |
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