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Enzymes

YGK These Enzymes

QuestionAnswer
What do DNA polymerases catalyze? Synthesis of DNA from a DNA template.
In which direction do DNA polymerases synthesize DNA? 5′ to 3′ direction.
Which activity allows DNA polymerases to correct mistakes? 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity (proofreading).
Which DNA polymerase is used in PCR and is heat-stable? Taq polymerase.
Who discovered DNA Polymerase I in E. coli? Arthur Kornberg.
Which eukaryotic DNA polymerases are primarily involved in nuclear DNA replication? α (alpha), δ (delta), and ε (epsilon).
What is processivity in DNA polymerases? The ability to slide along the template without slipping off.
What does RNA polymerase synthesize? Single-stranded RNA from a DNA template.
Which eukaryotic RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA precursors? RNA polymerase II.
What bacterial factor helps RNA polymerase recognize promoters? Sigma factor.
What is abortive initiation in transcription? Production of short RNA transcripts if RNA polymerase fails to escape the promoter.
What does reverse transcriptase do? Synthesizes complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template.
Which viruses use reverse transcriptase? Retroviruses, e.g., HIV.
Which lab technique uses reverse transcriptase to measure gene expression? RT-PCR.
What class of drugs inhibits reverse transcriptase? Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., AZT).
What does telomerase do? Adds telomere repeat sequences to chromosome ends.
Which subunit of telomerase acts as a reverse transcriptase? TERT.
What is the telomere repeat sequence added by telomerase? TTAGGG.
Which protein complex regulates telomerase activity? Shelterin.
What reaction does Rubisco catalyze? Carboxylation of RuBP to form two molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate (G3P).
What wasteful side reaction can Rubisco catalyze? Photorespiration (binding of O2 instead of CO2).
Which cycle is Rubisco part of? Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis).
What reaction does catalase catalyze? Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Where is catalase localized in eukaryotic cells? Peroxisomes.
What is notable about catalase’s turnover number? It can decompose millions of H2O2 molecules per second.
Which bacteria are catalase-negative exceptions? Streptococcus and Enterococcus.
How is the catalase test performed? Hydrogen peroxide is added to bacteria; bubbling indicates catalase-positive.
What does ATP synthase catalyze? Formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
Which subunits make up ATP synthase? FO (membrane proton channel) and F1 (rotating catalytic domain).
What powers ATP synthase? Proton gradient (proton motive force).
Who won the 1997 Nobel Prize for elucidating ATP synthase? Paul Boyer and John Walker.
What does amylase do? Hydrolyzes starch into simple sugars.
Which bonds does amylase cleave? α-1,4-glycosidic bonds in starch.
Where is amylase found in humans? Saliva and pancreas.
Who first isolated amylase and coined the “-ase” suffix? French chemists, 1833 (called it diastase).
What does pepsin do? Breaks down proteins into peptides and amino acids.
Where is pepsinogen produced? Gastric chief cells in the stomach.
What type of enzyme is pepsin? Endopeptidase (cuts internal peptide bonds).
At what pH is pepsin most active? 1.5–2.5.
What is Cas9 used for? CRISPR gene editing; cuts DNA complementary to guide RNA.
Which organism is Cas9 native to? Streptococcus pyogenes.
What is dCas9? “Dead” Cas9; lacks nuclease activity, used to study DNA binding.
What do restriction enzymes do? Cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.
What is a blunt end in DNA cleavage? Both strands cut at the same position.
What is a sticky end in DNA cleavage? One strand is longer, creating overhangs.
Example of a blunt-end restriction enzyme? SmaI.
Example of a sticky-end restriction enzyme? EcoRI.
Where are many restriction enzyme sites found for molecular cloning? Plasmids.
Created by: divyap
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