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Particle classes

YGK These Classes of Particles

QuestionAnswer
Fundamental particles that cannot be broken down further. Leptons
How many flavors of leptons are there? Six.
Electron, muon, tauon, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tauon neutrino are all flavors of what particle? Leptons
Which leptons are electrically neutral? The three neutrinos (electron, muon, tauon neutrinos)
What charge do the electron, muon, and tauon have? –1.
Are neutrinos massive? No; they are nearly massless.
Are leptons fermions or bosons? Fermions.
How are anti-leptons counted in lepton number? As –1.
What does the word “lepton” mean? “Light” in Greek.
Fundamental particles that combine to form hadrons Quarks
How many flavors of quarks are there? Six.
Up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom are all flavors of what particle? Quarks
Which quarks have charge +2/3? Up, charm, top.
Which quarks have charge –1/3? Down, strange, bottom.
Are quarks fermions or bosons? Fermions.
What particles are made from quark–antiquark pairs? Mesons.
What particles are made from three quarks? Baryons.
Why was the top quark hard to discover? Its very large mass.
In what year was the top quark discovered? 1995.
What field studies quarks and the strong force? Quantum chromodynamics.
Where does the word “quark” come from? Finnegans Wake by James Joyce.
Composite particles made of three quarks Baryons
What quarks make up a proton? Two up and one down.
What quarks make up a neutron? Two down and one up.
Are baryons fermions or bosons? Fermions.
What property of quarks ensures baryons are colorless? One quark of each color (red, green, blue).
Is baryon number conserved? Yes.
How are anti-baryons counted? As –1.
What does “baryon” mean in Greek? “Heavy.”
Composite particles made of a quark and an anti-quark. Mesons
Are mesons fermions or bosons? Bosons.
What color condition must mesons satisfy? Quark and anti-quark must have matching colors.
A rare meson made of two quarks and two anti-quarks. Tetraquark
Particles with half-integral spin. Fermions
What is spin?
What is the only class of particles that the Pauli Exclusion Principle apply to? Fermions
What principle states that no two fermions can share the same quantum state? Pauli Exclusion Principle
Who are fermions named after? Enrico Fermi.
Particles with integral spin Bosons
Does the Pauli Exclusion Principle apply to bosons?
How do bosons behave in quantum states? They prefer the same state.
What determines the spin of a composite particle? The total spin of its constituents.
Why is an alpha particle a boson? Its total spin is integral.
Who are bosons named after? Satyendra Nath Bose.
Particles made up of quarks Hadrons
Which force affects all hadrons? The strong nuclear force.
What two major groups of hadrons exist? Baryons and mesons.
Are all hadrons colorless? Yes.
What does “hadron” mean in Greek? “Thick.”
Fundamental particles that carry forces Gauge bosons
Which particle carries the electromagnetic force? Photon.
Which particles carry the weak nuclear force? W⁺, W⁻, and Z.
Which particles carry the strong force? Gluons.
Which particle carries gravity? Graviton (unobserved).
Gauge bosons that carry the strong force Gluons
Do gluons have electric charge? No.
Do gluons have mass? No.
Do gluons carry color? Yes
Why can gluon color not be directly observed? They are confined within hadrons.
An older term for a hadron parton
What were partons later identified as? Quarks.
Is the term “parton” commonly used today? No, mostly historical.
Created by: divyap
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