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Lab Techniques
YGK These Chemistry Lab Tecniques
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What technique detects elements by flame color? | Flame tests |
| What tools are used to perform a flame test? | Wooden splint or nichrome wire |
| Why do flames change color in flame tests? | Unique emission spectra of elements |
| What sodium emission lines dominate flame tests? | D lines |
| What flame color does sodium produce? | Bright yellow |
| Why is cobalt blue glass used in flame tests? | To filter out sodium’s yellow light |
| What elements produce a red flame? | Lithium, calcium, strontium |
| What element produces a lilac flame? | Potassium |
| What element produces a green flame? | Barium |
| What elements can produce a blue flame? | Copper, selenium, arsenic, indium |
| What analytical method determines concentration by controlled addition of a reactant? | Titration |
| What piece of glassware is commonly used in titrations? | Buret |
| What type of titration uses pH indicators? | Acid-base titration |
| What equation relates pH to acid-base ratios during titration? | Henderson–Hasselbalch equation |
| What is the equivalence point in a titration? | Equal moles of acid and base mixed |
| What causes the sharp inflection in a titration curve? | Reaching the equivalence point |
| What type of titration uses oxidation-reduction reactions? | Redox titration |
| What type of titration forms coordination complexes? | Complexometric titration |
| What titration determines water content using electrolysis? | Karl Fischer titration |
| What technique separates liquids based on boiling point? | Distillation |
| What component vaporizes first in distillation? | More volatile component |
| What device cools vapors during lab distillation? | Liebig or Vigreux condenser |
| What container collects the distilled liquid? | Round-bottomed receiving flask |
| What industrial distillation device uses trays? | Distillation column |
| A single equilibrium stage in distillation goes by this term | Theoretical plate |
| What industrial process uses fractional distillation? | Oil refining |
| What is an azeotrope? | A mixture that boils at a constant composition |
| What technique measures heat changes using temperature? | Calorimetry |
| What simple calorimeter uses a coffee cup? | Constant-pressure calorimeter |
| What type of calorimeter operates at constant volume? | Bomb calorimeter |
| What calorimetry method measures protein binding? | Isothermal titration calorimetry |
| What does differential scanning calorimetry measure? | Heat capacity vs temperature |
| What materials are commonly analyzed by DSC? | Polymers |
| What technique separates mixtures using mobile and stationary phases? | Chromatography |
| What is the mobile phase in chromatography? | The moving component |
| What is the stationary phase in chromatography? | The fixed interacting surface |
| What stationary phase is used in thin-layer chromatography? | Silica gel |
| What property separates compounds in TLC? | Polarity |
| What does GC stand for? | Gas chromatography |
| Time for a compound to pass through a column goes by this term | Retention time |
| What technique uses high pressure and liquid samples? | HPLC |
| What type of chromatography separates charged species? | Ion-exchange chromatography |
| What practical application uses ion-exchange chromatography? | Water softening |
| What spectroscopy method identifies functional groups using IR light? | Infrared spectroscopy |
| What happens when IR-active bonds absorb infrared light? | They undergo vibrational excitation |
| What is plotted on the x-axis of an IR spectrum? | Wavenumber (cm⁻¹) |
| What is plotted on the y-axis of an IR spectrum? | Absorbance |
| At what wavenumber does a carbonyl group absorb? | ~1700 cm⁻¹ |
| What is the fingerprint region? | IR peaks below 1500 cm⁻¹ |
| How are IR samples commonly prepared? | KBr pellet or Nujol mull |
| What technique uses magnetic fields to study nuclei? | Nuclear magnetic resonance |
| What nuclei are commonly studied by NMR? | ¹H and ¹³C |
| What is Larmor precession? | Oscillation between nuclear spin states |
| What is chemical shift? | Frequency difference from a reference |
| What reference compound is commonly used in NMR? | Tetramethylsilane |
| What does shielding mean in NMR? | Higher electron density and lower shift |
| What does deshielding mean in NMR? | Lower electron density and higher shift |
| What causes peak splitting in NMR? | J-coupling |
| What medical technology is based on NMR? | MRI |
| What technique separates ions by mass-to-charge ratio? | Mass spectrometry |
| What does m/z stand for? | Mass-to-charge ratio |
| What is the base peak in a mass spectrum? | Highest intensity peak |
| What does a peak spacing of 14 suggest? | A CH₂ unit |
| What isotope pattern indicates bromine? | Two equal peaks separated by 2 m/z |
| What ionization methods reduce fragmentation? | MALDI and ESI |
| What combined technique is used in forensics? | GC-MS |
| What technique measures UV–visible light absorption? | UV-Vis spectrophotometry |
| What are light-absorbing parts of molecules called? | Chromophores |
| What is lambda-max? | Wavelength of maximum absorbance |
| What law relates absorbance to concentration? | Beer’s law |
| What container holds UV-Vis samples? | Cuvette |
| What rules estimate lambda-max? | Woodward–Fieser rules |
| What does OD600 measure? | Bacterial growth |
| What ratio assesses nucleic acid purity? | 260/280 ratio |
| What technique separates compounds between immiscible solvents? | Liquid-liquid extraction |
| What piece of equipment is used for liquid-liquid extraction? | Separatory funnel |
| What coefficient describes solubility between phases? | Partition coefficient |
| What is material remaining after extraction called? | Raffinate |
| What extraction method isolates DNA? | Phenol–chloroform extraction |
Created by:
divyap
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