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Chemical Elements

YGK These Chemical Elements

QuestionAnswer
What is the atomic symbol and number of hydrogen? H, 1
What is the most abundant element in the universe? Hydrogen
What is the main isotope of hydrogen called? Protium
What hydrogen isotope has one neutron? Deuterium
What hydrogen isotope has two neutrons? Tritium
In what form does hydrogen naturally exist? Diatomic gas (H₂)
Who discovered hydrogen gas? Henry Cavendish
Why is hydrogen considered dangerous? It is highly flammable
What historical event demonstrated hydrogen’s flammability? Hindenburg disaster
What ion forms when hydrogen loses an electron? H⁺
What ion forms when hydrogen reacts with metals? Hydride ion (H⁻)
What is the atomic symbol and number of helium? He, 2
What type of element is helium? Noble gas
What is the second most abundant element in the universe? Helium
Who discovered helium? William Ramsay, Pierre Janssen, and Norman Lockyer
What are the two stable isotopes of helium? Helium-3 and helium-4
Which helium isotope is more common? Helium-4
What unusual property can helium-4 exhibit? Superfluidity
What is special about helium’s boiling point? It is the lowest of any element
Why is liquid helium used in MRI machines? For intense cooling
Where does most helium on Earth come from? Radioactive decay
What is the atomic symbol and number of oxygen? O, 8
What is the most common element in Earth’s crust by mass? Oxygen
Who discovered oxygen? Carl Scheele and Joseph Priestley
What did Priestley originally call oxygen? Dephlogisticated air
What is the most common molecular form of oxygen? O₂
What is ozone? Triatomic oxygen (O₃)
What role does ozone play in Earth’s atmosphere? Blocks UV radiation
What magnetic property does O₂ have? Paramagnetism
What theory correctly explains oxygen’s paramagnetism? Molecular orbital theory
What are oxidation reactions? Reactions involving loss of electrons
What is the atomic symbol and number of nitrogen? N, 7
What is the most abundant element in Earth’s atmosphere? Nitrogen
Who first isolated nitrogen? Daniel Rutherford
In what form does nitrogen usually exist? Diatomic N₂ with a triple bond
Why is nitrogen gas largely unreactive? Its triple bond makes it very stable
What process converts nitrogen into usable compounds? Nitrogen fixation
What ion is produced by biological nitrogen fixation? Ammonium (NH₄⁺)
What industrial process produces ammonia? Haber-Bosch process
Why is nitrogen useful in preventing combustion? Its chemical stability
Why is liquid nitrogen commonly used? Its very low boiling point
What is the atomic symbol and number of mercury? Hg, 80
What is unusual about mercury at room temperature? It is a liquid
What is the only other liquid element at STP? Bromine
What ore is mercury commonly found in? Cinnabar
What does the name hydrargyrum mean? Liquid silver
What instrument commonly uses mercury? Barometer
What is standard atmospheric pressure in mercury? 760 mm Hg
What are mercury alloys called? Amalgams
What health issue is linked to mercury exposure? Psychological problems
Why was mercury banned from thermometers? Toxicity concerns
What is the atomic symbol and number of sulfur? S, 16
What ancient name is sulfur known by? Brimstone
Who recognized sulfur as an element? Antoine Lavoisier
What is sulfur’s most stable allotrope? Eight-membered ring
What process is used to extract sulfur? Frasch process
How is sulfur used in rubber production? Vulcanization
What chemical is most sulfur used to produce? Sulfuric acid
What gas gives sulfur compounds a strong odor? Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)
Why is H₂S added to natural gas? To detect gas leaks
What is the atomic symbol and number of iron? Fe, 26
What is the most common metal on Earth? Iron
What is the Latin name for iron? Ferrum
What property is iron the namesake of? Ferromagnetism
What ore contains iron in two oxidation states? Magnetite
What compound is known as fool’s gold? Iron(II) sulfide (pyrite)
What is rust chemically? Hydrated iron(III) oxide
What conditions are required for rust to form? Oxygen and water
Why is iron-56 significant? It has one of the lowest masses per nucleon
What is iron most commonly used to make? Steel
What is the atomic symbol and number of carbon? C, 6
What defines an organic compound? Contains carbon
What is carbon’s rank in cosmic abundance? Fourth most abundant
Which carbon isotope is used in carbon dating? Carbon-14
Which carbon isotope is used in NMR? Carbon-13
What property allows carbon to form many structures? Four covalent bonds
What are carbon’s two major natural allotropes? Diamond and graphite
What synthetic carbon structures include nanotubes and buckyballs? Fullerenes
What is graphene? A single layer of graphite-like carbon
What makes graphene remarkable? Very strong and nearly transparent
What is the atomic symbol and number of aluminum? Al, 13
What is the most common metal in Earth’s crust? Aluminum
Who first isolated aluminum? Hans Christian Ørsted
What is aluminum’s primary ore? Bauxite
How is aluminum purified? Electrolysis
Why does aluminum purification require much electricity? It forms only Al³⁺
What mineral forms rubies and sapphires? Corundum
What determines a gemstone’s color? Impurities
What is the atomic symbol and number of gold? Au, 79
What is the Latin name for gold? Aurum
Why is gold considered inert? Resists most acids
What mixture dissolves gold? Aqua regia
What unusual oxidation state can gold have? –1
What experiment used gold foil? Rutherford’s gold foil experiment
Why is gold used in electron microscopy? To coat specimens for imaging
What medical condition has been treated with gold compounds? Rheumatoid arthritis
Created by: divyap
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