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11/19
Hearing Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is ABR sensitive to? | the effects of stimulus variables such as monaural or binaural presentation, stimulus spectrum, level, rate, and polarity |
| Where is the very low electrical amplitude of the ABR? | it is buried in the presence of the ongoing electrical activity of the brain |
| How is signal averaging used? | to extract the ABR from thie electrical noise |
| When is signal averaging used? | when it is not possible to physically reduce the noise level |
| Why does signal averaging work? | the level of noise is random in nature but the level of the signal is constant |
| How do you find singal averaging? | Average two levels that occured at the same time frame. The number you get is the level of the signal, continue for each milisecond in time |
| What is the signal in audiology? | the auditory brainstem response, transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions, or distortion product otoacoustic emissions |
| What noise is inside the ear canal that must be averaged out to measure otoacoustic emissions? | breathing and talking |
| Where is the Na component in Generator sites from Hall (2007)? | subcortical structures with prominent contributions from the inferior colliculus |
| Where is the Pa component in Generator sites from Hall (2007)? | the superior temporal gyrus in the auditory cortex |
| Where does the N1 activity elicited by vowels come from | the left cortex, consistent with the specialization of the left hemisphere for speech processing |
| P2 activity from multiple anatomic sources include what? | subcortical reticular activating system, and the planum temporale and auditory association (area 22) regions of the auditory cortex |
| What is the P300 response? | a cognitive response or a reflection of attention to a stimulus (around 300 stimulis) |
| What is the best known efferent pathway? | the olivocochlear bundle |
| What is the origin of the olivocochlear bundle? | in the area near the superior olivary complex. fibers terminate in the cochlea |
| Where do the fibers of the efferent auditory system come from? | the medial superior olive and the lateral superior olive (MSO, LSO) |
| What does the efferent system release? | acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters that have inhibitory effects |
| What is the course of myelinated type 2 efferent neurons? | they leave the medial superior olive and terminate at the outer hair cells |
| What are myelinated type 2 efferent neurons used for? | to reduce the active mechanism of the outer hair cells (less motility) |
| What is the course of unmyelinated type 1 efferent neurons? | they leave the lateral superior olive and terminate at afferent fibers that terminate on inner hair cells |
| What are unmyelinated type 1 efferent neurons used for? | to send an inhibitory or excitatory signal to the first order neurons of the efferent system |
| What is the crossed pathway made up of? | mostly type two fibers from the medial system |
| What is the uncrossed bundle consist of? | mostly type one fibers from the lateral superior olive |
| What can the medial efferent system be stimulated by? | the presence of noise delivered ipsilaterally or contralaterally |
Created by:
hrshook0104
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