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AA SCOTUS Cases
YGK These Supreme Court Cases Concerned with African-Americans
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The case where the Supreme Court determined that people of African ancestry did not have the rights of citizens in the United States | Dred Scott v. Sandford |
| The year Dred Scott v. Sandford was decided | 1857 |
| The Chief Justice who ruled that African-Americans were not citizens and thus did not have the right to bring a lawsuit in federal court | Roger Taney |
| The person who was taken to Illinois and free parts of the Louisiana Territory before being brought back to Missouri, where he sued for his freedom | Dred Scott |
| The clause under which the Missouri Compromise was found unconstitutional in Dred Scott | Property Clause |
| The U.S. president who supported the Dred Scott decision, delivered two days after his inauguration | James Buchanan |
| The amendment that later overturned the Dred Scott ruling | Fourteenth Amendment |
| The case that determined state-imposed segregation was legal under the “separate but equal” doctrine | Plessy v. Ferguson |
| The year Plessy v. Ferguson was decided | 1896 |
| The plaintiff in Plessy v. Ferguson, who was seven-eighths white but not allowed on a whites-only car | Homer Plessy |
| The Justice who wrote that segregation was acceptable as long as there was no clear difference in quality | Henry Brown |
| The lone dissenter in the 8–1 decision of Plessy v. Ferguson who stated “[o]ur Constitution is color-blind” | Justice John Marshall Harlan |
| The case that effectively overturned Plessy v. Ferguson | Brown v. Board of Education |
| The case that determined that defendants must be given legal counsel in a way that gives counsel enough time to do their job | Powell v. Alabama |
| The year Powell v. Alabama was decided | 1932 |
| The nine young African-Americans involved in the Powell v. Alabama case | The Scottsboro Boys |
| The clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that required appointed counsel in potential death penalty cases to have adequate time to prepare a defense | Due Process Clause |
| The case after Powell v. Alabama that later expanded the requirement of appointed counsel in potential death penalty cases to have adequate time to prepare a defense | Gideon v. Wainwright |
| The 1935 case related to Powell v. Alabama that ruled Black people could not be systematically excluded from juries | Norris v. Alabama |
| The case that determined that racially restrictive housing covenants could not be enforced by courts | Shelley v. Kraemer |
| The year Shelley v. Kraemer was decided | 1948 |
| The white person in St. Louis in a white neighborhood that did not allow residents to sell their houses to African-Americans or Asian-Americans whom the Shelleys sued | Louis Kraemer |
| The African-American family that bought a house in Kraemer's neighborhood | The Shelleys |
| The Chief Justice who determined that any state action enforcing the covenant in Shelley v. Kraemer would violate the Fourteenth Amendment | Fred Vinson |
| The vote count for Shelley v. Kraemer (with three justices recusing themselves) | 6–0 |
| The act that outlawed the creation of racially restrictive housing covenants in 1968 | Fair Housing Act of 1968 |
| The 1940 precursor to the Shelley decision, brought by the father of the author of A Raisin in the Sun | Hansberry v. Lee |
| The case that determined that racially segregated schools were unconstitutional | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka |
| The year Brown v. Board of Education was decided | 1954 |
| The future first Black Supreme Court Justice who argued the case for the families in Brown v. Board of Education | Thurgood Marshall |
| The Chief Justice who wrote the unanimous decision stating that segregated schools are inherently unequal and a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment | Earl Warren |
| The ruling the year after Brown v. Board of Education (1955) that determined that school integration should occur “with all deliberate speed” | Brown II (implied by context) |
| The case that determined that African-Americans had the right to nonsegregated transportation services | Bailey v. Patterson |
| The year Bailey v. Patterson was decided | 1962 |
| The civil rights activist who brought the case of Bailey v. Patterson after the arrest of the Freedom Riders | Sam Bailey |
| The Attorney General of Mississippi who was the defendant in Bailey v. Patterson | Joe Patterson |
| The case that determined that the United States could end racial discrimination in public accommodations | Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States |
| The year Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States was decided | 1964 |
| The act passed just before Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States was filed, allowing the U.S. to end discrimination in public accommodations | Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
| The owner of the Heart of Atlanta Motel who claimed he could prevent African-Americans from staying at his motel | Moreton Rolleston Jr. |
| The clause in Article I of the Constitution that allowed the federal government to desegregate hotels and motels impacted by interstate travel | Commerce Clause |
| The case that determined that states could not ban interracial marriages, striking down anti-miscegenation laws | Loving v. Virginia |
| The year Loving v. Virginia was decided | 1967 |
| The white man who married Mildred Jeter in D.C. and was arrested under Virginia's Racial Integrity Act | Richard Loving |
| The woman who married Richard Loving, who was of African-American and Native American heritage | Mildred Jeter |
| The case that determined that public systems could take race into account, but could not set specific racial quotas, in determining who to admit to a university | Regents of the University of California v. Bakke |
| The year Regents of the University of California v. Bakke was decided | 1978 |
| The white person who was rejected from the University of California Medical School at Davis and sued | Allan Bakke |
| The number of positions the medical school set aside each year for minorities | Sixteen positions |
| The Justice who was the only one both for using race as a criterion and against quotas, leading to a confusing decision | Justice Lewis Powell |
| The case that determined that affirmative action programs whose purpose is to increase diversity are legal | Grutter v. Bollinger |
| The year Grutter v. Bollinger was decided | 2003 |
| The white applicant to the University of Michigan Law School who was denied | Barbara Grutter |
| The university president who was the defendant in Grutter v. Bollinger | Lee Bollinger |
| The case ruled on the same day as Grutter v. Bollinger that addressed undergraduate admissions at Michigan, finding the point system unconstitutional | Gratz v. Bollinger |
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