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MDIA final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Multi-tasking | Pretty much doesn’t work, when you multi-task you’re not paying attention to either task, causes stress |
| Correspondence & Coherence Criteria of Truth | We only evaluate if we sense a lack of correspondence to reality, a lack of coherence, or if it seems too good/bad to be true |
| Provisional Nature of Truth | There can ALWAYS be more evidence we don’t know about |
| Satire | Humor based on current events- can be helpful, points out argument flaws |
| Hoax | Disinformation for the purpose of making money from deception |
| Opinion Entrepreneurs | Comment on events in order to attract audience/make money (provide context, but only if based in fact) |
| Propaganda | State actors spreading messages meant to propagate a point of view |
| Information Anarchists | individuals who spread false info, merely to destablize society/culture (promotes distrust, violence, and terrorism) |
| Logical Fallacies (e.g., False Proof Fallacy, Ad hominem) | Heuristics used against us “Prove I’m wrong” “You’re wrong because you suck” |
| Information | content’s meaning |
| Message | intended information “offering” |
| Text | Permanent record of message |
| Platform | how message is transmitted |
| Representation | Indirect Experience (stories, news reports, etc) |
| Confrontation | Direct experience of event (walking to class, witnessing event) |
| Culture | What we observe, interpret, consider, and argue about, and what those things reveal about our values and beliefs. |
| What is culture comprised of? | -Communication and systems of communication -Marketplace of ideas in which opinions about what is important, normal, and moral are established -Political processes through which values are codified or rejected |
| Mass Media & Mass Society | Media shapes society, can lead to social movements |
| Constructed Reality- | Much of the world we accept as ‘given’ is created through interactions and communication among members of a society |
| Berger and Luckmann’s 3 elements of constructed reality | Externalization, Objectivation, Internalization |
| Externalization | Society is a human product. We, the people, create and introduce cultural products, ideas, and habits into the world |
| Objectivation | Society is an objective reality. Once created, these products “harden” and are treated as if they are separate, external facts of nature or the universe. |
| Internalization | Man is a social product. New members of society (like children) learn this objective reality and accept it as unquestionable truth, making it their own subjective consciousness. |
| Knowledge vs. Belief- | Belief is a proposition that is accepted as true by the person who holds it- whether it qualifies as knowledge depends if it can be proven as true. Knowledge is a belief that can be proven as true. |
| Propositional | Description of a fact or state of affairs in a declarative sentence (dolphins are mammals |
| Familiarity | -Knowing of something/someone (being familiar w/ person or location) |
| Procedural Knowledge | Knowing how to do something- like riding a bike |
| Confirmation Bias | seeking info that supports our beliefs, avoid info that challenges our beliefs |
| Truth Default | We must accept information in order to understand it, but we often do not evaluate it. We only evaluate if we sense a lack of correspondence to reality, a lack of coherence, or if it seems too good/bad to be true |
| Heuristic Processing | cognitive shortcut to judgement or decision |
| Cognitive Miser | someone who is actively critical of media they consume |
| Selective Attention- | By focusing on one thing, we may miss another |
| Selective exposure | seek out info that confirms our existing beliefs |
| Selective interpretation | Consumers interpret things to be consistent with their beliefs and values |
| Selective retention | we remember only what we want to remember |
| Fragmentation | breaking audience into categories |
| Segmentation (as an advertising strategy)- | breaks people into groups in order to advertise more efficiently |
| Media User vs. Audience | User- actively participates Audience- passively consumes |
| Producer- | Creating, uploading, commenting |
| Consumer- | Watching, reading, listening |
| Citizen | Participating positively in public discourse- One MUST understand culture + systems of the culture |
| Politics of Representation- | the way people are represented reflects howwe think about them, if oppressors are in power they will use platforms to oppress people |
| Politics of representation implications | -Patterns in what is excluded from media - who and what is excluded from media -Stereotypes created - who controls production of media representations -Narratives shape how we see certain things |
| Types of Media Effects | Cognitive-Thinking Affective-Emotion Attitudinal-Change in attitude Behavioral-Change in plan Physiological-change in involuntary bodily response |
| Theories | -testable explanation od relations among concepts (variables) that explains some phenomenon of interest |
| Cultivation | We learn from stories- the more time consumers spend consuming media, the more their ideals will be shaped by media, heavy media users tend to have more extreme views |
| Social Cognitive (Learning) Theory | Children learn from watching behavior |
| Veneer Theory (from podcast)- | The idea that civilization is a thin veneer keeping us from acting on our base desires |
| Uses & Gratifications Theory | reasons why people choose specific media and enjoy certain media over others |
| Agenda Setting | How news and pseudo-news organaizations focus our attention on some issues and not on others, How ‘agenda-setting’ actors influence public opinion |
| Framing | News media tells us how to think about issues/events |
| Schemas | Cognitive structure in memory that shows meanings of concepts |
| Cognitive Dissonance | Awareness of inconsistencies among beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors causes psychological discomfort-justification can eliminate effect |
| Balance Theory | Individuals seek consistency and avoid inconsistency in social interactions |
| Criteria for establishing causation in scientific research- | Establish a relationship (Covariance) Establish order in time (Temporal order) Eliminate Alternative Explanation |
| Relationship between theory and evidence through deduction and induction- | Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to form general theories or hypotheses. deductive reasoning starts with a theory, generates specific predictions, and tests them with evidence |
| Affordances | The features or capabilities of a technology that determines or influences how we use it/how it can be used |
| Affordances of. Language | Beforehand, humans could onlylearn from confrontation, but language allowed the ‘instruction of imagination’ |
| Affordances of. Writing | Allowed humans to record info accurately and permamnently, allowed for record keeping, moving info over long distances |
| Affordances of. Printing | Printing press allowed humans to mass produce + distribute, poor could read and interpret texts. This threatened the power of religious leaders, which led to war or reformation |
| Technological Determinism | sees tech as independent force, appears out of nowhere |
| Diffusion of Innovation | people who can afford to try new innovations reap benefits soone |
| Digitization | process of converting analog electric current into digital binary info |
| Digital Divide and Figure 2.2- | Those who can pay for more have more access to information, people with more resources can afford more risk, reap benefits sooner. Uneven benefit of innovation in societies |
| Subscription revenue model: | A subscription revenue model is a business strategy where customers pay a recurring fee for regular access to a product or service, generating predictable revenue for the company. |
| Advertising (magazine model)- | 1. Revenue generated by advertisers paying for acces to the audiences 2. Converged tech- consolidation of ownership: separate print/industries owned by few large corporations |
| Single sponsor | - Production of program paid by one company or organization- significant control over content + revenue. One sponsor had significant control over program content. (e.g., previous page). - One sponsor had significant control over program revenue. |
| Quiz show scandal | person was paid to be on quiz show, knew answers, caused scandal, ended single sponsorship in shows |
| Impact of the transistor on Radio related to audience segmentation- | The transistor radio revolutionized radio by making it portable and affordable, shifting it from a family furniture item to a personal device, which enabled massive audience segmentation, especially among teenagers, |
| Transistors | small electrical devices that could receive and amplify radio signals |
| Edwin Armstrong’s FM radio- | Edwin Armstrong developed FM, or ‘frequency modulation’ radio. FM dealt with electrical interference problems and was better for music than AM, amplitude modulation. FM accentuated pitch between radio waves, |
| User-generated content- | people create their own content, saves creators from having to gfenerate content |
| Convergence | allows consolidation of ownership, separate industries are owned by few large corporations |
| Monopoly | Complete control of a product or business by one person or group |
| Oligopoly | Small number of relatively large companies produce similar but slightly different goods |
| Vertical Integration | When a corporation owns some or most elements of an industry - such as the production of telephones, the phone lines that connect the telephones, and the switches and operators who run the system |
| Anti-trust- | Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890- made trusts illegal because they inhibit market comptetition |
| Hypertext Mark Up Language (HTML | Language that allows pages to be built from and link to different sources (text, image, audio, video) |
| Internet Service Provider (ISP)- | a company that provides acces to the Internet |
| Search Engine | program that searches for requested information using keywords or characters |
| AT&T And Radio Corporation of America (P.131) | AT&T attempted to monopolize radio, begun making and selling its own radio receivers, made radio ads, created first network |
| Net Neutrality | all data across the Internet must be treated the same, though this theory is not consistent with the the new gatekeepeing power of large companies, so ISP’s can’t charge for legal content, makes every website treated equally |
| Fairness Doctrine | Used to keep peopl like Charles Coughlin from gaining power, Required an organization to provide “equal time” to all proponents of public issues, repealed in 1987 |
| Web 1.0: | Decentralized Network, but control was at server. Users could ‘retrieve’ info from any linked computer through URL. Websites evolve from simple lists of documents and images to complex webpages. Pages still had ‘authors’ or ‘webmasters’ |
| Web 2.0: | Users can retrieve and write webpages, explosion of social media and user-generated content |
| Section 230 of the Communication Decency Act of 1996 | - allowed ‘gatekeeper free’ internet. Implication: no platform can be held accountable for information posted by a user. Gov cannot afford responsibility for internet. |
| Natural Experiment of 1948-52 TV License Freeze | 4 years researchers could study cities with and without TV. Cities with TV experienced... decline in cinema, theater, concert attendance, and library book borrowing. Cities without TV saw no similar change in those four years |
| Content sources for new mediums- | Buy content from other U.S. producers, that was created for traditional broadcast and cable networks. Produce original content. Buy content from foreign markets |
| Impressionism, Postmodernism- | after the invention of the photograph, painting was no longer centered around realism |
| Lumiere Brothers’ Cinematograph vs. Edison’s Kinetoscope- | The Lumière Brothers' Cinématographe surpassed Edison's Kinetoscope by being a lightweight, portable, hand-cranked device that combined filming, printing, and projecting, allowing for group viewing on a screen, unlike the bulky, electric Kinetoscope |
| Golden Age of Radio | A period from the late 1920s to the 1940s, during which radio was the dominant medium for home entertainment |
| Golden Age of TV | The period of time from approximately 1949 to 1960, marked by original and classic dramas produced for live television |
| Golden Age of Streaming | Recent period of streaming, marked by innovation in streaming services and gain in revenue for streaming |
| Charlie Coughlin- | Promoted WWII isolantionism- promotes fascism and Nazi behavior. Eventually promoted concernb that powerful radio personality may threaten democracy |
| Rush Limbaugh | a conservative political commentator, gained power after the repeal of the “fairness doctrine” |
| AM Radio Content today- | AM radio content today is dominated by talk radio, news, sports, and religious programming, offering local information, political commentary (conservative and liberal), and national sports broadcasts, with long-distance religious stations also prominent |
| Cable TV- | provided television signals to people whose reception was poor because of tall mountains and buildings blocking TV signals |
| Notion of Democratizing effects of media- | The notion of democratizing media effects centers on technology making media creation and access accessible to everyone, shifting power from elite corporations to the public, fostering diverse voices, citizen journalism |
| Syndication (TV) | Licensing TV show’s broadcast rights to multiple stations, not just one. Lead to "re-runs" and television programs being shot on 35mm film, |
| Vast Wasteland | Media that is low-quality |
| Least Objectionable Content- | Content-creators make content that it least likely to offend viewers. |
| Retransmission as revenue stream for local TV stations | Now 20% of revenue comes from advertising 55% comes from “retransmission of cable or satellite channels.” 20% comes from digital advertising on station website or local production |
| “Recording industry” | existed before first ability to record sound. Publishing Industry (book publishers) sold sheet music to both amateur and professional musicians |
| Recorded music industry crash of early 2000 | Illegal downloading proliferated and recorded music sales plummeted. |
| Royalty | Payment to Composer and/or Performer for use of by song or recording ...when money is made in any way |
| Copyright | ownership of intellectual or artistic property |
| Edison and Berliner’s Recording Devices | -Edison: phonograph (cylinders) gramophone (flat disc) rivals |
| Napster | peer to peer music sharing, allowed free music downloads, now licensed streaming service |
| White Cover Music | white people covering black people’s musioc on the radio |
| Brownie Camera’s Democratizing effect- | Average person could take pictures of what interested them. Average person’s life could be documented. Photographic evidence, not just written description, was possible. |
| Early content of motion pictures | borrowed from literature, vaudeville, and theater. |
| Vertical Integration | When a corporation owns some/most elements of an industry- such as the production of telephones, and switches and operators who run the system |
| Burns v. Johnson Fight film (1908) | - a black man won on a fight show, but the episode was not allowed to be aired because it went against the viewer’s expectations |
| Fun House Mirror | Media distorts reality like a fun-house mirror.Media provide a distorted reflection of society, emphasizing some aspects and minimizing other aspects. Films attempt reflect “cultural moment.” |
| War Film Funding (DOD | U.S. Depart. of War (DOD) provides funding, and censors or influences content of most films that refer to military (i.e., war films, action, superhero, and comedy) |
| Motion Picture Ratings (MPAA) | Ratings are a form of censorship. |
| Revenue Sources for film | ticket sales, streaming, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, weekend, product placement, ancillary products (toys, cups, etc) Network, Cable, and Local TV stations “run” Movies, Video Games |
| Marketplace of Ideas / 1st Amendment- | Marketplace of ideas in which opinions about what is important, normal, and moral are established, 1st amendment protects the right to a marketplace of ideas |
| Liable- | Liable Law as deterrent of falsehood Liable cases tend toward financial harm. |
| “Truth as Defense” | “Truth as Defense” against libel charges. |
| Brandenberg and Imminent Lawless Action- | Clarence Brandenburg, during a KKK rally, called for “revengance” against Jews and African-Americans, ... Brandenburg’s “speech” was protected by 1st Amendment because it did not call for imminent lawless action. |
| Incitement to Imminent Lawless Action | Speech that is likely to be “followed” and will lead to violation of law. e.g., “Let’s go take over the State House Building.” |
| Fighting Words | Speech intended to a provoke violent response. e.g., “[Insult]...[Insult]...Come on, hit me... I dare you...” |
| True Threats | Credible claim of violence if condition is not met. e.g., “If you don’t fire him, I’ll break your legs.” |
| Defamation | Intentional, false, public (written or spoken) statement causing injury. e.g., “Dr. Busselle is a big fan of dog fighting and also tortures squirrels.” |
| Harassment | unwelcome conduct (speech or action) that creates a hostile environment (educational or employment). e.g., repeatedly commenting about someone’s personal characteristic or trait. |
| Material and Substantial Disruption | Conduct (speech or action) that interferes with the functioning of a school. e.g., student protests, individual student disruptions. |
| Watchdog Function | looking out for citizens, not companies |
| Yellow Press- | Designed to attract readers, even if information isn’t true (like grocery store tabloids) |
| Muckraking/Investigative Journalism- | looking into the ‘dirt’ of society and bringing up issues that we don’t want to think about |
| News Deserts- | Diminished news coverage- bad for democracy. |
| First newspaper period | (at the end of the print era) was unregulated, undisciplined, and characterized by the yellow journalism of Hearst and Pulitzer. |
| Sceond newspaper period | was professionalized with values promoting accuracy, fairness, and loyalty to citizens and democracy over shareholders or advertisers, best for business |
| Third newspaper period | began when ad revenue (business and classified) moved to on- line platforms (Craigslist, Ebay, FBMP). Local papers closed, traditional news organizations went on-line and citizens shifted to “social media” |
| switch-cost | Extra time it takes to reorient to new tasks when multi-tasking |
| “Meme-able” vs. Quotable | what is memorable versus what actually makes an impression |
| Algorithms’ and Influencers effect on language | language spreads as influencers and algorithms push ‘what will sell’ |
| The ability to own your own radio and carry it around with you | Technological affordance |
| The face that different family members started listening to different kinds of music alone | Technological determinism |
| Campbell argues that the 'cultural currency' of media is... | Narratives and storytelling |
| Today's Internet began as... | A US department of defense communication network during the cold war |
| Investigates the extent to which news coverage focuses the public's attention on some issues | Agenda setting |
| When a corporation owns some/most elements of an industry | Vertical Integration |
| Which innovation is most responsible for the converegence of different technologies ? | The digitization of information |
| Which best describes revenue/earnings of music industry in past 30 years? | reached record high in 90s, Internet and difitzation reduced revenue to half of its peak value |
| Which two factors led to the crash of the recorded music industry earlier this century? | Digital recording and the Internet |
| What is responsible for "Golden Ages" of radio and TV? | Network and radio owners trying to capture as much of the new audience for the new technologies as possible |
| How many corporations control approximately two-thirds of the global recorded music market? | Three |
| Someone who invests their time and energy to produce a creative work, like a song or a script, can file for a... | Copyright |
| In the 1950s, which of the following led to "re-runs", programs shot on 35mm film? | Syndication |
| The technological advantage of the Lumiere Brothers Invention was similar to... | Berliners gramphone over Edison's phonograph |
| If you consider reproducing music, what is most similar to a digital MP3 or WAV recording? | Sheet music of a song |
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