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Mexican Leaders
YGK These Mexican Leaders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| One of the last Aztec rulers, who allowed Hernán Cortés into Tenochtitlán and was later imprisoned | Montezuma II |
| The Aztec ruler who succeeded Montezuma II after the massacre of peaceful celebrants | Cuitláhuac |
| The escape of the Spanish from Tenochtitlán, during which many conquistadors died crossing Lake Texcoco | Noche Triste (Sad Night) |
| The final Aztec emperor, captured by Cortés in 1521 | Cuauhtémoc |
| A parish priest and leader of Mexico’s first independence movement who issued the "Grito de Dolores" call for revolt in 1810 | Miguel Hidalgo |
| The date of the "Grito de Dolores," still celebrated as Mexico's official Independence Day | September 16 (1810) |
| The priest who took over leadership of the independence movement after Hidalgo's execution in 1811 | José María Morelos |
| A royalist general who changed his allegiance to lead Mexico to independence and became the first emperor of Mexico | Agustín de Iturbide |
| The agreement released by Iturbide in 1821, also known as the "Plan of the Three Guarantees," which called for independence, a Catholic state, and racial equality | Plan of Iguala (Plan Trigarante) |
| The last viceroy of New Spain who acknowledged Mexican independence in the Treaty of Córdoba | Juan O’Donoju |
| The general who served as president of Mexico eleven times, known for losing major northern territories but cultivating an image as a savior | Antonio López de Santa Anna |
| A conflict with France during which Santa Anna lost a leg, for which he held an elaborate funeral | Pastry War |
| The general who defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836, forcing him to recognize Texan independence | Sam Houston |
| The first indigenous president of Mexico, a Liberal lawyer who led the opposition to the French-backed empire of Maximilian von Habsburg | Benito Juárez |
| The 1855 law named after Juárez that sought to eliminate special privileges given to the church and military | Ley Juárez |
| The Austrian archduke briefly imposed as Mexico's second emperor during the French Intervention | Maximilian von Habsburg |
| A Liberal general who established a long-lasting dictatorship from 1876-1911, initially using the slogan "Effective Suffrage and No Re-Election" | Porfirio Díaz |
| The Plan issued by Díaz in 1876 to seize power from Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada | Plan of Tuxtepec |
| Díaz's positivist advisors who stressed the inequality, corruption, and systematic brutality of his regime | Científicos |
| The American journalist to whom Díaz discussed his possible resignation in 1908, opening the door to the Mexican Revolution | James Creelman |
| Idealistic son of a wealthy Coahuilan family who challenged Porfirio Díaz with the book The Presidential Succession in 1910 | Francisco Madero |
| Madero's call for a general revolt in November 1910, issued after he escaped from prison | Plan of San Luis Potosí |
| The period of fighting within Mexico City (February 1913) that led to Madero’s forced resignation and subsequent murder | Decena Trágica (Tragic Ten Days) |
| The general encouraged by American ambassador Henry Lane Wilson to lead a coup against Madero, eventually becoming president and murdering Madero | Victoriano Huerta |
| The “First Chief” of the Constitutionalist army during the Revolution and President from 1917-1920, who became the nucleus of opposition to Huerta's regime | Venustiano Carranza |
| The document issued by Carranza after Madero's death to oppose Huerta's regime | Plan of Guadalupe |
| The convention held in Aguascalientes by members of Carranza's movement, which was supported by Villa and Zapata but opposed by González and Obregón | Convention of Aguascalientes |
| The key document called for by Carranza and based on the Liberal Constitution of 1857, which promoted land redistribution, workers’ rights, and national ownership of resources | Constitution of 1917 |
| The general who forced Carranza to flee the capital in 1920 and was likely involved in his assassination | Álvaro Obregón |
| The leaders of the Convention forces during the Revolution; one operated in the north (División del Norte), the other in Morelos (southern guerrilla movements) | Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata |
| The plan issued by Zapata in 1911 that called for the breakup of large haciendas and the restoration of communal lands (ejidos) | Plan of Ayala |
| The American town raided by Pancho Villa in 1916 to obtain supplies after suffering defeats at Celaya and Agua Prieta | Columbus, New Mexico |
| The U.S. general who led a "punitive expedition" to pursue Villa across northern Mexico (unsuccessfully) | General John J. Pershing |
| The later movement inspired by Zapata | Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) |
| A revolutionary general and president from 1934-1940 who worked to fulfill the 1917 Constitution's promises of land reform and nationalization | Lázaro Cárdenas |
| The period from 1928-1934 where Plutarco Elías Calles continued to control Mexican politics after stepping down as president | Maximato |
| The national oil company Cárdenas formed in 1938 by expropriating foreign-owned oil fields | Pemex (Petróleos Mexicanos) |
| Lázaro Cárdenas's son, who challenged PRI control of politics in 1988 as the candidate of the PRD party | Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas |
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