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11/12
Hearing Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Borg et al (1982) measured the stapedius reflex for 11 normal hearing employees before and after exposure to 7 hours of noise measured at 89-103 dBA. What did their results show? | The stapedius reflex was still functional in response to the highest level sounds in the work site |
| In the absence of any other test results, absent otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) suggest what? | Abnormal auditory function of the outer hair cells, middle ear, or outer ear |
| According to Guinan et al (2012), what happens to the reticular lamina when the outer hair cells decrease in length? | It moves down in the outer hair cell region and up in the inner hair cell region |
| Which motion of the stapes footplate causes the opening of the microchannels in the stereocilia? | away from the oval window |
| Is a tuning curve a hearing test? | no, but it is related to hearing |
| How do you get the y-axis of a tuning curve? | you select a frequency (x-axis) and play it at a low level (dB) and gradually increases the level until it stimulates the observed part of the basilar membrane |
| Why would one tuning curve be sharp and one be dull? | A sharp tuning curve shows working outer hair cells, but the dull tuning curve shows dysfunctioning tuning curves |
| What type of tuning curve is abnormal | a dull tuning curve |
| What can cause outer hair cells to stop working properly? | ototoxic medications, loud noise exposure, old age |
| Why doesn't a neuron fire at every rarefaction stimulus? | Due to the absolute refractory period forcing the neuron to recover |
| What is frequency? | cycles per second |
| Who studied multiple neurons with a click? | Kiang et al (1965) |
| Who studied one neuron with a pure tone? | Rose et al (1967) |
| What is the basilar membrane doing when the neuron fires? | it is moving up |
| What can every sound be broken down into? | sine waves |
| What did Durrant and Feth (2013) discover about neurons? | they are not, in and of themselves, frequency selective in their excitability |
| What did Durrant and Feth (2013) discover about frequency response? | there is an upper limit imposed on the rate of discharge due to the absolute refractory period, which places constraints of a mechanism of translation of frequency to the timing of neuron spike potentials |
| What is the volley theory from Durrant and Feth (2013)? | even though one nerve cell might be incapable of carrying high frequency information above 6000 Hz (due to absolute refractory period), a group of neurons could do so |
| What can be demonstrated by neural tuning curves? | a single unit tuning function of a primary auditory neuron reflects optimal sensitivity for only one frequency of stimulation |
| What makes a given primary auditory neuron frequency selectivity? | where it comes from within the cochlea |
| What does a single unit tuning function of a primary auditory neuron reflects? | optimal sensitivity for only one frequency of stimulation |
| What is the most basic neural signal by which to represent stimulus intensity? | the average rate of neural discharges |
| As the level of the sound increases... | the firing rate of the neural increases |
| What is a spike? | an action potential |
| What is the dynamic range of most primary auditory neurons? | limited at their characteristic frequency |
| What is dynamic range? | the range of nerve firing due to changes in the level |
| What is the dynamic range of hearing in humans? | on the order of 140 dB |
| What does the dynamic range of hearing in humans suggest? | one neuron does not encode the range of levels, but multiple neurons work together to do so |
| What is saturation? | where the spike rate cannot increase |
| According to Durrant and Feth (2013), what is one hypothesis about stimulus levels of neurons? | even at the stimulus level where a given neuron saturates, the total discharges per unit time (density of discharges) will increase as more fibers are recruited into activity above their spontaneous rates |
| According to Durrant and Feth (2013), if frequency and level information are encoded in the cochlea, why not just send the signal directly from the cochlea to the auditory cortex? | The system processes multiple maps of the cochlea simultaneously. There are a variety of response patterns that are proccesed |
| What did Durrant and Feth (2013) discover in the upper levels of the brain stem? | increased specialization of neurons |
| What do the specialized neurons of the upper levels of the brainstem do? | they allow for the detection of specific features of the stimulus which most likely facilitates the processing of complex sounds like speech |
| Where do the superior olivary complex and higher nuclei receive information from? | both ears |
| Why are two ears better than one? | for sound localization and the ability to recognize speech in the presence of background noise |
Created by:
hrshook0104
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