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11/10
Hearing Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is amplitude | the amount of displacement |
| How does the amplitude of a traveling wave change? | it is relatively low at the base and then grows to its peak at the stimulus frequency location, then decays rapidly |
| What does the motion of the stapes footplate result in? | the motion of the basilar membrane, which causes voltage changes in the hair cells which results in the stimulation of the 8th nerve |
| If there is a low level sound, what do the stereocilia do? | the outer hair cell stereocilia might move, but the inner hair cells stereocilia will not move unless stimulated |
| Where does the 8th nerve start? | at the base of the hair cells |
| What is a single unit? | a single nerve fiber (axon) |
| What do recordings from a nerve fiber require? | microelectrodes with extremely fine tips |
| What do microelectrodes record? | the discharge patterns and sensitivity of a nerve fiber |
| What is another name for action potentials? | discharge patterns, spike |
| What does it mean if a nerve fiber is sensitive? | it is more sensitive to sounds |
| What is the simplest method of analysis of neural activity? | the spike rate of function |
| What does the analysis of the discharge patterns require? | the determination of some form of histogram |
| What does a histogram reveal? | details of a neuron's response to the stimulus |
| How is the time scale of a histogram divided? | into bins |
| What is a histogram? | a graphic display of a single neuron's response to repeated presentations of a givens timulus |
| What does the vertical axis of a histogram normally measure? | the number for responses (frequency of, percentage of, number of neural discharges) |
| What do numerous presentations of the stimulus and repeated sampling of discharges usually used for? | obtaining sufficient data to reveal the characteristic discharge patterns of a given neuron |
| When is a single-unit recording useful? | when determining how the auditory system is able to discriminate between sounds of different frequencies |
| When does each neuron fire? | not to the peak of each sound wave, but rather to some percentage of the peaks |
| What did Rose et al (1967) state? | there is strong evidence that pure tone stimuli the spiral ganglion neurons transmit to the cochlear nuclear complex information concerning frequency by means of a period-time code |
| What is another name for bipolar neurons? | spiral Ganglion neurons |
| Which way does the basilar membrane move during rarefaction? | upwards towards the scala vestibuli |
| What is the firing phase? | rarefaction |
| When do the stereocilia move toward the modiolus? | during condesation |
| Why doesn't a neuron fire every time the basilar membrane moves up? | the neuron has to go through a recovery period |
| What study did Rose et al (1967) do? | tonal stimuli presented at 80 dB SPL and 1 second in duration (10 stimuli a histogram) on 33 squirrel monkeys whose 8th nerves were exposed, recorded with a microelectrode |
| In the Rose et al (1967) study, what did they record? | the interspike interval histograms |
| In the Rose et al (1967) study, what did the vertical axis show? | the number of interspike intervals that occured |
| In the Rose et al (1967) study, what did it mean if an interval histograms had its largest peak at 1ms | the time between successive discharges was most often 1ms |
| WHy does each neuron fire to some percentage of the peaks of a sound wave? | due to the absolute refractory phase of the enuron |
| When are the hair cells stimulated and the neuron fires? | during the rarefaction phase |
| What is a period? | the time required to complete one cycle of a given frequency |
| The higher the frequency... | the shorter the period |
| What did Kiang et al (1965) study? | the post stimulus time (PST) histograms for 18 auditory nerve fibers in a single cat in response to click stimuli (broadband frequency content) |
| What does KC stand for? | kilocycles (hilohertz) |
| Who used a click? | Kiang et al (1965) |
| Who used a pure tone? | Rose et al (1967) |
| What did Kiang et al (1965) discover? | a single click can stimulate different nerve fibers, but the period of the click is dependent on the frequency level |
| In what phase can the initial click be in? | rarefaction or condensation |
| Why does the neuron fire earlier for a rarefaction click over a condensation click | Rarefaction is the firing phase, so if it going to fire, it will happen during this phase |
| How does the condensation click stimulate the neuron? | It stimulates the basilar membrane to move down first, so it must wait for the basilar membrane to move up so it can fire |
| How does the rarefaction click stimulate the neuron? | the basilar membrane move sup, so it can immediately fire |
| What is the basilar membrane doing during the firing phase? | it is moving upwards |
| How is a compound histogram formed? | by inverting the histogram to condensation clicks under that to rarefaction clicks |
| What does the distance in time frome rarefaction to condensation peak approximates? | half the period of the characteristic frequency |
| What was Kiang et al"s (1962) result of the study? | since at high click levels the earliest peak always occurs for rarefaction clicks, its likely that phase of cochlear motion corresponds to increased neural activity |
Created by:
hrshook0104
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