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11/5
Hearing Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Theodor Schwann discover? | Schwann cells on nerve cells, pepsin, striated muscles in the upper esophagus, embryological process, and coined the term metabolism |
| What is an acoustic neuroma also called? | A vestibular schwanoma |
| What is an acoustic neuroma? | a small tumor on the Schwann sheathing |
| What does the terminal arbor synapse with? | the cochlear nucleus |
| What does it mean that the terminal arbor is presynaptic? | it precedes the synapse between it and the next cells. |
| What does the terminal arbor do? | it receives the impulse that is racing down the axon |
| What is the direction of nerve conduction? | dendrites, axon, cell body, axon, terminal arbor |
| Where does nerve conduction start? | in the dendrites |
| What happens if the nerve impulse is strong enough? | it will continue from the dendrites down through the first axon, cell body, the second axon, and onto the terminal arbor |
| What is a synapse? | the gap between the hair cell and the dendrites of the 8th nerve cells |
| Where are the initial axon's dendrites located? | in the post-synaptic region |
| What is sensitive to neurotransmitter? | the initial axon's dendrites |
| Where are the terminal arbor's dendrites located? | in the presynaptic region |
| What produces neurotrasmitter? | the terminal arbor's dendrites |
| What is the neurotransmitter of the 8th nerve bipolar neurons? | Acetylcholine (ACH) |
| WHat do you use the presence of a synapse for? | to count the sequence of neurons |
| What is the first synapse? | hair cell to afferent neurons |
| What are 8th nerve neurons? | first order neurons |
| Where is the second synapse? | at cochlear nuclei in the brain stem |
| What are all neurons leaving the cochlear nuclei considered? | second order neurons |
| What is the overall charge of the 8th nerve bipolar neuron cell interior? | negative |
| What is the overall charge of the 8th nerve bipolar neuron cell exterior? | positive |
| What are the features of an 8th nerve bipolar neuron cell interior? | potassium constantly leaking from the interior, organic negative ions |
| What are the features of an 8th nerve bipolar neuron cell exterior? | Contains sodium and chloride, more sodium though |
| What are inner spirals and tunnel radials? | efferent nerves fibers (type 2) |
| What are radial and outer spiral fibers? | afferent nerves fibers (type 1) |
| What do Afferent fibers synapse with? | the cell body |
| What do Efferent fibers synapse with? | the axon of the afferent fibers |
| What does each cochlear nucleus receive? | ipsilateral radial and outer spiral fibers of the 8th nerve |
| What is important about the input the cochlear nucleus receives? | it is the highest point in the auditory pathway that receives only ipsilateral input |
| What is ipsilateral input? | same side input |
| What is contralateral input? | different side input |
| What does the nerve cells membrane separates? | intracellular and extracellular fluids |
| What do neurons at rest present? | an uneven distribution of ions across the plasma membrane because the charges of the ions in the two fluids differ |
| What does the electrical difference between intracellular and extracellular fluids produce? | an electrical potential |
| When does electrical potential exists? | it is always there in a living subject whether the nerve is excited or not |
| What is the permanent potential of a nerve called? | resting potential |
| What does intracellular fluid consist of? | primarily potassium with a negatively charged ionic field |
| What does extracellular fluid consist of? | primarily sodium and has a positively charged ionic field |
| How do the overall number of ions of a cell at rest compare? | the positive ions are higher outside the cell than inside |
| What does protein in the plasma membrane allow for? | ion channels that allow the passage of ions into and out of the plasma membrane |
| When will ligand-gated channels open? | when chemically stimulated with a neurotransmitter |
| What stimulates the ligand-gated channels of afferent fibers? | glutamate from inner hair cells |
| What stimulates the ligand-gated channels of outer hair cells? | acetylcholine from efferent fibers |
| What are ligand-gated channels? | little openings |
| What happens when glutamate is released? | it moves across the synapse towards the dendrites of the afferent neuron |
| Where does glutamate come from? | the base of the inner hair cells |
| What happens when glutamate stimulates ligand-gated ion channels? | it opens, allowing Na+ to flow into the dendrites and K+ to flow out |
| What flow is greater when glutamate stimulates the ligand-gated channels? | the inflow of Na+ is greater than the outflow of K+ |
| What activates a voltage-gated channel? | changes in the electrical potential difference near the channel |
| What do voltage-gated channels allow for? | rapid and coordinated depolarization in the nerve cell |
| What is an action potential? | a short lasting electrical event on the plasma membrane of a nerve cell |
| What is another name for an action potential? | a nerve impulse |
| What is the resting potential? | the difference between the intra and extra cellular fluids across the cell membrane |
| What is permeability? | the ability of the cell membrane to allow ions to pass through |
| What is the most widely accepted theory on the flow of an electron current through the neuron starts with what? | a change in the permeability of the cell membrane to potassium and sodium as a function of excitation of the nerve |
| When does the generator potential occur? | in the postsynaptic regions |
| What does a generator potential do? | it allows localized infusion of Na+ and when it is high enough (and nerve threshold is reached) it will generate the action potential |
| What type of response does a generator potential have? | a graduated response to a neurotransmitter |
| What can change the permeability of a cell membrane? | an adequate stimulus |
| What does a change in permeability allow for? | sodium to flow into the cell |
| What does the change in permeability cause? | depolarization |
| What happens if the change in permeability does not meet the threshold? | no action potential will occur |
| What happens in depolarization? | the potential difference changes from a negative value to a positive value |
| What happens if depolarization leads to a sufficient increase in potential voltage? | an action potential will occur |
| What can an action potential act as? | a neural signal |
| What is another name for hyperpolarization? | repolarization |
| When does hyperpolarization occur? | as the ions move toward the resting (more negative) state |
| When does sodium stop flowing from the cell? | when resting potential is reached |
| What is the absolute refractory period of the nerve impulse? | the time between the peak of the action potential and point in time for the most negative potential |
| What happens during the absolute refractory period? | no new discharge can occur |
| What is the relative refractory period? | the time between the most negative potential and the reinitialization of the resting state |
| What happens during the relative refractory period? | it is difficult but possible for a new discharge to occur |
| What changes the electrical polarity of the cell during basic chemo-electrical activity? | the cell membrane becoming more permeable to Na+ |
| How do changes in the electrical activity of the cell during basic chemo-electrical activity move? | from the first axon to the cell body and then to the second axon |
| What happens to the voltage when sodium rushes in? | it increases |
| What does a resting potential result in? | a more positive charge outside the cell and a more negative charge inside the cell |
| What is the beginning of the generator potential? | when glutamate causes the ligand-gated channels to open |
| What happens if the generator potential is large enough? | the voltage-gated channels will open to allow the flow of Na+ into the cell and the flow of K+ out of the cell, occurring one segment at a time |
| How does sodium get into the cell? | it penetrates the cell membrane through the nodes of ranvier |
| What happens due to the rate of sodium penetration being constant? | the speed of impulse (ex. nerve conduction rate) is determined by the distance between the nodes of ranvier |
| How does the distance between the nodes on the 8th nerve compare to others? | the distance on the 8th nerve is relatively far compared to others |
| What is implied by the farther distance of the nodes of Ranvier on the 8th nerve? | a faster transmission rate |
| What happens whent he impulse reaches the terminal arbor? | the neurotransmitter is released, which stimulates the dendrites of the next nerve in order |
| What must happen after the cell is infused with sodium? | it must also be removed from the cell as the impulse proceeds from dendrites to the terminal arbor |
| When is sodium removed from the cell? | progressively behind the impulse |
| Once an action potential beings... | it is unstoppable |
| As the impulse of an action potential moves to the next segment of axons, what happens behind it? | areas pump out Na+ in order to return to a negative charge |
| When is the cell in its resting potential? | after all Na+ has been removed from the cell and the interior has its original negative charge |
| When is the cell ready to fire at a normal threshold? | after it returns to its original state |
| What are the sequence of events for basic chemo-electrical activity? | resting potential, generator potential, action potential, absolute refractory, relative refractory, resting potential |
| What stages of basic chemo-electrical activity need higher levels of stimulation? | generator potential and resting potential |
| What are individual neurons more responsive to? | specific frequencies |
| What can each neuron, no matter their specific frequencies, respond to? | a range of frequencies depending on the level of stimulus (neural tuning curve and the upward spread of masking) |
| What is a phase-lock? | a range of frequencies that a neuron can respond to depending on the level of the stimulus |
Created by:
hrshook0104
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