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10/15
Hearing Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What happens to the basilar membrane as the outer hair cells jump up and down? | the basilar membrane is also pulled up and down |
| What are the spaces between the outer hair cells? | the spaces of nuel |
| What does hair mean in terms of hearing Sciences? | extensions of the cell membrane |
| What are stereocilia? | highly organized in patterns, rigid, interconnected with tip-links, deep roots within hair cells, multiple per cell |
| What is the appearance of stereocilia? | fine, feathery, paddle-like |
| What is another name for stereocilia? | hair cells cilia |
| What are tip-links? | fine fibers connecting the rows of stereocilia |
| What happens to stereocilia when they are exposed to loud noise? | they are destroyed |
| What are the areas between the stereocilia? | the tip-link interconnectors |
| What happens when the stereocilia move? | the tip-links are stretched or shortened |
| What happens when the tip-links of stereocilia are stretched? | they open tiny conduits (channels) for electron flow |
| Why do the base of each stereocilia have a tapered andle-like appearance? | so it can swing back and forth link a hinge |
| Where do the roots of each stereocilia go? | deep into the hair cells to be embedded |
| What are the supports for sensory cells? | inner sulcus, hensen's cells, reticular lamina, deiter cells, corti's rods |
| What are sensory cells? | inner and outer hair cells |
| Where are the inner sulcus cells in relation to the sensory cells? | on the medial side |
| Where are hensen's cells in relation to the sensory cells? | on the lateral side |
| Where is the reticular lamina in relation to the sensory cells? | superior |
| Where are the deiter cells in relation to the sensory cells? | inferior to outer hair cells |
| Where are corti's rods in relation to the sensory cells? | between the inner and outer hair cells |
| Where does the internal auditory artery arises from? | the meatal loop of the middle cerebral artery on the cochlear nerve in the internal auditory canal |
| What does the spiral modiolar artery's radial branches do? | take blood supply to the lateral cochlear wall and stria vascularis |
| What do the internal auditory artery and spiral modiolar artery do? | The arterial blood supply to the cochlea |
| What do most animals have in relation to venous blood supply of the cochlea? | a spiral modiolar vein |
| What is lacking in the internal auditory canal in humans in relation to the venous course of blood supply to the cochlea? | no main vein that is visible among the nerves |
| Where does venous blood of the cochlea empty? | either directly into the inferior petrosal sinus, the internal jugular vein, or travels through other venous sinuses |
| What does the modiolus do for arterial blood supply? | allows for arteries to get into the cochlea |
| What does the modiolus do for venous blood supply? | allows for drainage of the cochlea |
| What nerve innervates the inner ear? | the 8th cranial nerve |
| What branches of the 8th nerve are found in the internal auditory canal? | the auditory branch and the vestibular branch |
| What are spiral ganglion? | cell bodies of nerve cells in the auditory branch of the 8th nerve |
| what does ganglion mean? | mass of nerve cell bodies |
| What happens to nerve cells connected to hair cells in the cochlea? | they are routed through the habenula perforata to the modiolus |
| Where are the spiral ganglion found? | in the modiolus |
| What do afferent nerves fibers do? | send information from the hair cells (mostly inner) to the brainstem and then to the brain |
| What do efferent nerves fibers do> | send information from the brainstem and the brain to the hair cells (mostly outer) |
| How do the efferent and afferent nerves fibers reach the cochlea? | axons of both nerves go through the habenula perforata to reach the cochlea |
| What type of fibers are radial fibers? | type one |
| What is another name for radial fibers? | bipolar neurons |
| What are the qualities of radial fibers? | 90-95% of afferent nerves fibers, myelinated fibers with Nodes of Ranvier |
| What happens due to the neural spike jumps of radial fibers from node to node? | faster conduction time happens |
| What is another name for spiral nerve fibers? | pseudo-monopolar neurons |
| What are type two fibers? | spiral nerve fibers |
| How do radial fibers connect to inner hair cells? | 20 fibers to 1 hair cell |
| What type of cell is associated with spiral nerve fibers? | outer hair cells |
| What type of cell is associated with radial fibers? | inner hair cells |
| How do spiral nerve fibers connect to outer hair cells? | 1 fiber to up to 10 hair cells |
| What are the qualities of spiral nerve fibers? | 5% of afferent nerve fibers, not myelinated |
| What occurs due to spiral nerve fibers lacking myelination? | slower conduction times |
| What is the purpose of the cerebellopontine angle? | it is where the cerebellum and the pons meet |
| Where does the 8th nerve leave from to enter the brainstem? | the internal auditory canal |
| Where does the 8th nerve enter the brainstem? | at the cerebellopontine angle |
| What is the cerebellum involved in? | the coordination of movement |
| What is a nucleus? | a collection of specialized cell bodies |
| What is the CSLIM? | the nuclei of the auditory brainstem pathways |
| What is the C in CSLIM? | cochlear nucleus |
| What is the S in CSLIM? | superior olivary complex |
| What is the L in CSLIM? | Lateral Lemniscus |
| What is the I in CSLIM? | Inferior Colliculus |
| What is the M in CSLIM? | Medial Geniculate Body |
| What happens if the auditory brainstem is severed? | hearing is gone, can only be recovered by a brainstem implant |
| What are the three modes of cochlear physiology? | hydraulic, mechanical, and chemoelectrical |
| What is the first mode of cochlear physiology for hearing? | Mechanical stimulation from the stapes at the oval window |
| After mechanical stimulation of the stapes, what is the next form of energy? | hydraulic motion of perilymph by the polarization effect |
| After hydraulic motion of perilymph, what is the next form of energy? | mechanical motion of endolymph, stimulating Corti's organ |
| What does the motion of endolymph stimulate Corti's organ? | soft tissue is displaced by wave motion |
| After mechanical motion of endolymph, what is the next form of energy? | motion of sensory cells creates a chemo-electrical response |
| What did Georg von Bekesy do? | He was the first to study the function of the auditory organ experimentally, replace theoretical considerations by empirical evidence |
| What was Von Bekesy's first observation? | deflection of the basilar membrane |
| What is the meaning of deflection of the basilar membrane? | as the stapes stimulates the perilymph at the oval window, the basilar membrane pushes downward by pressure of the hydraulic wave |
| How does the hydraulic motion that stimulates the basilar membrane move? | from base to apex, a one way direction of the wave |
| If the stapes moves out, | the basilar membrane moves up |
| If the stapes moves in, | the basilar membrane moves down |
| What is Von Bekesy's second observation? | Height of displacement/deflection |
| What is the height of displacements/deflection? | the height gradually increases as the wave travels to the apex due to a close match between the frequency of the wave's vibrations and the resonance characteristics of the BM |
| What happens to a traveling wave as it moves through the basilar membrane? | It reaches its maximum amplitude, the quickly diminishes |
| What is Von Bekesy's third observation? | the point of maximal displacement is frequency specific |
| What does "The point of maximal displacement is frequency specific" mean? | The wave will reach its greatest height where the frequency of the wave matches the resonant characteristics of the basilar membrane |
| What does the basilar membrane act as? | a series of passband filters |
| What happens to the basilar membrane as it goes from base to apex? | it gets wider and less stiff |
| What is a passband filters? | each section is most sensitive to a specific frequency |
| What is Von Bekesy's fourth observation? | frequency specificity is a passive feature? |
| Why is frequency specificity a passive feature? | due to gradient change in stiffness of the basilar membrane from base to apex |
| What does it mean that frequency specificity is a passive feature? | Even if an animal is dead, you can still see the basilar membrane move in response to sound |
| How are mechanical vibrations of the ossicular chain transformed? | into hydromechanical energy in the cochlea |
| What does hydro refer to in terms of the traveling wave in the cochlea? | the fluid within the cochlea |
| What does mechanical refer to in terms of the travelling wave in the cochlea? | the motion of the structures within the cochlea |
| What allows for the traveling wave in the cochlea? | the oval window and round window moving in opposite directions |
| Which frequency sound is detected later? | low frequency |
| Which frequency sound is detected first? | high frequency |
| What happens due to the incompressible nature of the fluid filled cochlea? | All locations along the basilar membrane receive the same vibrational input at the same time |
| Why does the traveling wave in the cochlea always move from base (narrower and stiffer) to apex (wider and less stiff)? | there is less inertia (mass) to overcome at the base |
| What happens when the stereocilia bend away from the modiolus (towards tallest row) | the excitatory phase of hair cells begins. |
| When are the stereocilia bent away from the modiolus (towards the tallest row) | when the basilar membrane moves toward the scala vestibuli (up) |
| What type of energy changes occur during the excitatory phase of hair cells? | hydromechanical energy is transduced into neural energy as the signal moves into the afferent nerve fibers |
| What is amplitude in terms of a sound wave? | the distance between the trough and the next crest of a wave |
| Where is a sound signal processed? | at a place where the wave reaches peak amplitude, or where the BM with resonant characteristics for the sound is |
| How will a wave travel if it is high frequency? | it will not travel very far |
| How will a wave travel if it is low frequency? | it will travel further |
| Why do waves travel differently if they are low or high frequency? | the wave will not go beyond the location of "best resonance" due to the increasing resistance caused by an increasing impedance mismatch |
Created by:
hrshook0104
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