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Physiology Week 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Emphysema | collapse of the smaller airways and a breakdown of alveolar walls. Caused by excessive release of destruction enzymes such as trypsin from alveolar macrophages as a defense mechanism in response to chronic exposure to inhaled cigarette smoke |
| ERV | expiratory reserve volume-max volume beyond the tidal volume that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal expiration- 1100 ml |
| 6 Layers of the respiratory membrane | 1)surfactant 2)thin layer of fluid-water 3)alveolar epithelium 4)interstitial space 5)capillary basement membrane 6)capillary endothelium |
| two subgroups in medullary respiratory center | dorsal and ventral |
| 4 steps of cardiac cycle | 1)mid-diastole 2)Atrial systole 3)Ventricular systole 4)Early diastole |
| factors that increase heart rate | excitement, anger, pain, hypoxia, exercise, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones, fever, inspiration |
| parasympathetic control of heart | decrease rate and force of contraction, S.A node-right vagus, A.V. node- left vagus, uses acetylcholine to increase permeability to K+ |
| factors causing an increase in cardiac output | anxiety, eating, exercise, increased body temperature, pregnancy |
| Fats and other nutrients in the duodenum stimulate the intestinal mucosa to release a hormone called | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| Peristalsis is regulated in part by the intrinsic stretch reflexes. It is also thought to be stimulated by the hormone | cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by which hormones? | CCK and secretin |
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