Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Physiology week 7-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define a hormone and give two examples. | A hormone is a chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands into the blood. Examples: insulin, cortisol. |
| Which feedback mechanism is most common in endocrine regulation? | Negative feedback, which maintains homeostasis by reversing changes. |
| Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland? | Sweat gland |
| How do steroid hormones differ from non-steroid hormones? | Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and act on DNA inside cells; non-steroid hormones bind to receptors on cell membranes. |
| Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland and their functions. | Anterior lobe secretes growth hormone, TSH, ACTH; posterior lobe releases ADH and oxytocin. |
| Which gland regulates metabolism? | Thyroid gland. |
| Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels? | Insulin |
| What is the role of the adrenal medulla? | Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine for fight-or-flight response. |
| Which endocrine gland is both endocrine and exocrine? | Pancreas. |
| What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron? | Approximately -70 mV, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump and selective permeability. |
| Explain the steps of an action potential. | Depolarization (Na+ influx), repolarization (K+ efflux), hyperpolarization, then return to resting state. |
| Which ion primarily enters the neuron during depolarization? | Sodium |
| How does myelination affect nerve conduction? | It enables saltatory conduction, speeding up impulse transmission. |
| What is the role of synaptic vesicles? | They store neurotransmitters and release them into the synaptic cleft during signaling. |
| Name the three major parts of the brain. | Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem. |
| What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? | Cushions the brain, removes waste, and maintains chemical stability. |
| Which structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres? | Corpus callosum |
| What is the role of the spinal cord in reflexes? | Integrates reflex arcs for rapid responses without brain involvement. |
| What is a nerve plexus? | A network of intersecting nerves that redistribute fibers for coordinated function. |
| Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. | Sympathetic = “fight or flight”; Parasympathetic = “rest and digest.” |
| Which neurotransmitters are used by the ANS? | Acetylcholine (parasympathetic) and norepinephrine (sympathetic). |
| Which division increases heart rate? | Sympathetic |
| Name three types of sensory receptors. | Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors. |
| What is sensory adaptation? | Decreased response to a constant stimulus over time. |
| Which receptor detects pain? | Nociceptor |
| Which structure contains photoreceptors? | Retina. |
| Which part of the ear converts sound waves into nerve impulses? | Cochlea |
| What is the primary function of hemoglobin? | To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. |
| What is hematopoiesis? | The process of blood cell formation, occurring mainly in the bone marrow. |
| What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node? | Acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses. |
| Which valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium? | Mitral valve |
| Differentiate between arteries and veins. | Arteries carry blood away from the heart (usually oxygenated); veins carry blood toward the heart (usually deoxygenated). |
| What are capillaries and their function? | Tiny vessels that allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues. |
| Name the two main circulatory pathways. | Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. |
| What is the role of pulmonary circulation? | To carry blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the heart. |
| What are the main functions of the lymphatic system? | Fluid balance, absorption of fats, and immune defense. |
| What is innate immunity? | The body’s first line of defense, non-specific and present from birth. |
| Which cells are part of innate immunity? | Neutrophils |
| What role do natural killer (NK) cells play? | They destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells without prior sensitization. |
| What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity? | Adaptive immunity is specific and has memory; innate immunity is non-specific. |
| Name the two main types of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity. | T cells and B cells. |
| Which cells produce antibodies? | Plasma cells |
| What is the role of memory cells? | They provide long-term immunity by responding quickly to future infections. |
| Which muscle is primarily responsible for inspiration? | Diaphragm |
| What is tidal volume? | The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing (about 500 mL in adults) |
| How does the medulla oblongata regulate breathing? | It contains respiratory centers that control the rate and depth of breathing. |
| Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs? | In the alveoli. |
| What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air compared to venous blood? | Higher in alveolar air, driving diffusion into blood. |
| How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood? | As bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) in plasma. |
| What is the significance of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? | It shows how hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen changes with partial pressure, aiding efficient oxygen delivery. |
| Name the four main processes of digestion. | Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. |
| Which enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth? | Amylase |
| Where does most nutrient absorption occur? | In the small intestine, primarily the jejunum and ileum. |
| What is the role of bile in digestion? | It emulsifies fats, aiding in their breakdown and absorption. |
| Which structure prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing? | Soft palate |
| What is peristalsis? | Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that move food through the digestive tract. |
Created by:
Janinr1313
Popular Physiology sets