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20th C. ME Leaders
You Gotta Know These 20th-Century Middle Eastern Leaders
| Clue | Leader |
|---|---|
| Chairman of the PLO from 1969; co-founder of Fatah; negotiated the 1993 Oslo Accords establishing the Palestinian National Authority | Yasser Arafat |
| Leader who was based in Jordan until expelled during Black September (1970) | Yasser Arafat |
| President of Syria from 1971 to 2000; member of the Alawite minority and Ba’ath Party | Hafez al-Assad |
| Launched the Yom Kippur War against Israel with Egypt in 1973 | Hafez al-Assad |
| Brutally crushed an Islamist uprising in the Syrian city of Hama in 1982 | Hafez al-Assad |
| Founder and first president of the modern Republic of Turkey; commander at the Battle of Gallipoli | Mustafa Kamal Atatürk |
| Dissolved the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic caliphate to create a secular nationalist state | Mustafa Kamal Atatürk |
| Initiated reforms including the Hat Law, adoption of surnames, and use of the Latin alphabet for Turkish | Mustafa Kamal Atatürk |
| Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011; espoused “Islamic socialism” in his Green Book; coined jamahiriya | Muammar Gaddafi |
| Funded militant operations including the 1988 Lockerbie bombing (Pan Am Flight 103) | Muammar Gaddafi |
| Dictator deposed and killed in 2011 during the Arab Spring | Muammar Gaddafi |
| Zionist leader and principal figure in the founding of the state of Israel; first prime minister (1948–1954, 1955–1963) | David Ben-Gurion |
| Chairman of the Jewish Agency in 1935 and main political leader of Jewish forces in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War | David Ben-Gurion |
| Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iran’s first supreme leader (1979–1989) | Ruhollah Khomeini |
| Known by the title ayatollah; emerged as leader after the revolution that overthrew the last shah of Iran | Ruhollah Khomeini |
| Leader during the Iranian hostage crisis who commonly referred to the U.S. as the “Great Satan” | Ruhollah Khomeini |
| President of Egypt (1954–1970); precipitated the Suez Crisis by nationalizing the Suez Canal in 1956 | Gamal Abdel Nasser |
| Championed pan-Arabist sentiment, leading to the brief United Arab Republic union with Syria | Gamal Abdel Nasser |
| Oversaw Egypt’s disastrous defeat by Israel in the Six-Day War (1967) | Gamal Abdel Nasser |
| President of Egypt (1970–1981); launched the Yom Kippur War against Israel in 1973 | Anwar Sadat |
| Signed the Camp David Accords with Menachem Begin (Israel) and Jimmy Carter (US) | Anwar Sadat |
| Shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Menachem Begin; assassinated in 1981 | Anwar Sadat |
| President of Iraq (1979–2003); came to power as a member of the Ba’ath Party | Saddam Hussein |
| Led Iraq in the decade-long Iran-Iraq War during the 1980s | Saddam Hussein |
| Launched the genocidal Al-Anfal Campaign against Kurdish civilians; ordered the invasion of Kuwait (1990) | Saddam Hussein |
| Deposed following the 2003 American invasion of Iraq; tried and executed in 2006 | Saddam Hussein |
| First king of Saudi Arabia; reconquered Riyadh in 1902 and conquered the Hejaz (Mecca region) in 1925 | Abdulaziz ibn Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Ibn Saud) |
| Declared the formation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932; oil discovered at Dammam during his reign | Abdulaziz ibn Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Ibn Saud) |
| Every subsequent king of Saudi Arabia has been a son of this leader | Abdulaziz ibn Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Ibn Saud) |
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