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Jennifer Rodriguez
Study Stack 2 Physiology 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T or F: Neurons are the only living cells that maintain a difference in the concentration of ions across their membranes. | False |
| What term is commonly used as a synonym for action potential? | nerve impulse |
| The membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting neuron’s plasma membrane is called the _____ membrane potential. | Resting |
| What mechanisms quickly terminates the action of a neurotransmitter once it binds to its postsynaptic receptor? | Neurotransmitter molecules are transported back into synaptic knobs. Neurotransmitter molecules are metabolized into inactive compounds. Neurotransmitter molecules are transported into nearby glial cells. |
| The tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon is called a(n) | synaptic knob |
| An ion channel that opens in response to a sensory stimulus is a(n) | stimulus-gated channel |
| T or F: The sodium-potassium pump actively pumps three potassium ions out of the neuron and two sodium ions into the neuron. | False |
| A synapse can occur only between an axon and: a. a dendrite. b. a cell body. c. another axon. d. any of the above. | D. any of the above |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters? a. amines b. amino acids c. triglycerides d. neuropeptides | C. triglycerides |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: a. serotonin. b. histamine. c. dopamine. d. none of the above. | d. none of the above |
| What are two types of synapses? | Electrical and chemical synapse |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second. | 130 |
| The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is | relaxation |
| The _____ consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus and form the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls. a. pons b. hypothalamus c. diencephalon d. cerebellum | b. hypothalamus |
| Which of the following is are examples of sympathetic stimulation? a. constriction of the bronchioles b. decreased secretion of the pancreas c. constriction of the urinary sphincters d. dilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels | b. c and d |
| What does the reticular activating system maintain? | consciousness |
| Which region of the brain plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness? | thalamus |
| The somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways _____ the CNS. a. involuntary; outside b. voluntary; outside c. voluntary; within d. involuntary; within | B. voluntary; outside |
| If the center of a reflex arc is the brain, the response it mediates is called a | cranial reflex |
| What are the two main types of adrenergic receptors? | alpha and beta |
| Another name for the parasympathetic nervous system is the _________nervous system. | craniosacral |
| The _____ is an extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot. | Babinski sign |
| Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of which two neurotransmitters? | norepinephrine and acetylcholine |
| “Fight or flight” physiological changes include all of the following EXCEPT a. increased conversion of glycogen to glucose. b. constriction of respiratory airways. c. increased perspiration. d. dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles. | b. |
| What are the most numerous cerebral tracts? | association tracts |
| Audition is a function of the _____ lobe. | temporal |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: a contraction of the urinary bladder. b relaxation of the sphincters of the digestive tract. c increased salivation. d increased heart rate. | D |
| T or F: The preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic. | True |
| What is the difference between a somatic reflex and an autonomic reflex? | A somatic reflex is caused by contraction of skeletal muscles, whereas an autonomic reflex consists of contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle or secretions of glands. |
| What are functions of the hypothalamus? | Production of hormones “Go between” of the psyche and the soma Appetite center |
| Parasympathetic stimulation has no effect on any of the following areas except: a. sweat glands. b skin blood vessels. c the liver. d the urinary bladder. | A |
| One of the few hormones that functions on a positive-feedback loop is: | oxytocin |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: | anterior pituitary. |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: a malleus, incus, and stapes. b malleus, stapes, and incus. c stapes, malleus, and incus. d stapes, incus, and malleus. | A |
| What type of cells that secrete ACTH? | corticotrophs |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is ? | transcription of RNA |
| Platelets play an important role in a fighting infection. b carrying oxygen. c blood clotting. d carrying carbon dioxide. | C. blood clotting |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called what? | leukopenia |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called what? | pericardium |
| The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are? | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers. |
| Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins. | receiving chambers |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node |
| Blood from the brachiocephalic vein drains into the | head, neck, and upper extremity. |
| The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the | pelvis |
| In _____, blood moves from veins to other veins or arteries to other arteries without passing through an intervening capillary network. | vascular anastomoses |
| The vagus is said to act as a “brake” on the heart. This situation is called a cardiac inhibition. b coronary inhibition. c vagal inhibition. d autonomic inhibition. | C Vagal inhibition |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | Aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of: a. vasoconstriction b. vasopressure c. vasomotor control d. vasodilation | D vasodilation |
| A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: a leukocytosis. b anemia. c leukemia. d polycythemia. | D polycythemia |
| Which of the following is true of ventricles? a.They are the pumping chambers of the heart b. The myocardium of the ventricles is thicker than that of the atria c. The myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle d. all | D All are true |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: a hematopoiesis. b hemodynamics. c hemostasis. d hematocrit. | D hemodynamics |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava |
| Which of the following vessels do not have the ability to constrict and dilate? a capillaries b Arterioles c arteries d veins | A. Capillaries |
| Fluid that is clear, watery and contains protein molecules, salts, and other substances is called | intercellular fluid |
| The T cell is considered: a. the messenger b. the transmitter c. the communicator d. the receiver | C. Communicator |
| Millions of B cells release millions of: a. antibodies b. antigens c. T cells d. leukocytes | A antibodies |
| What are the two most important functions of the lymphatic system? | Fluid balance and immunity |
| What is the function of the spleen? | tissue repair, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir. |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are? | innate and adaptive immunity |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| The functions of the lymphatic system include: a. transporting interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream. b. providing immunological defenses c. transporting absorbed fats from the intestine to the blood d. houses and develops lymphocytes e. all | E all the above |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| The function of which antibody is basically unknown? | IgD |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| Complement can best be described as a(n): | enzyme in the blood |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte |
| The _____ represents the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs. a tidal volume b inspiratory capacity c total lung capacity d vital capacity | D. vital capacity |
| The ability of the lungs and thorax to stretch is referred to as | compliance |
| During inspiration, as the size of the thorax increases, the | intrapleural and alveolar pressures decrease. |
| Hyperpnea means a(n) | increase in breathing |
| During the respiratory cycle, intrapleural pressure is always less than alveolar pressure. This difference is called | tranpulmonary pressure |
| The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration is called _____ volume. | tidal |
| An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes | a drop in pH in the blood |
| The basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration seems to be generated by the | medullary rhythmicity area |
| A right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide is also known as _______ effect. | the Bohr effect |
| When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, some of the carbon dioxide molecules associate with water to form | carbonic acid |
| Spirometry is used to measure all of the following EXCEPT: a Expiratory Reserve Volume b Tidal volume c Inspiratory capacity d Total lung capacity | D. total lung capacity |
| The apparatus used to measure the volume of air exchanged in breathing is called a(n) | spirometer |
| Which gas law deals with the solubility of gases in solution? | Henry |
| Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the: | alveoli |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150 |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. | inversely; constant |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| The function of surfactant is to: | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration. |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. a. 650 b. 700 c. 760 d. 800 | C 760 |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions |
| Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract: a. help move air into and out of the lungs. b. trap and phagocytize microorganisms. c. help move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx. d. do both B and C. | C. help move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx. |
| The act of expelling feces is called | defacation |
| The chemical process in which a compound unites with water and then splits into simpler compounds is called | hydrolysis |
| Because fats are insoluble in water, they must be a. catalyzed. b. emulsified. c. absorbed in the stomach. d secreted before they enter the small intestine. | B. emulsified |
| What percentage of this blood flow comes from the hepatic portal system? | 80% |
| CCK is an intestinal hormone that does what? | 1. causes the pancreas to increase secretion of exocrine high in enzymatic content. 2. opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells. 3. stimulates contraction of the gallbladder so that bile can pass into the duodenum. |
| During which stage of swallowing is there a risk of food entering respiratory pathways? | oropharyngeal |
| Saliva contains the enzyme a. lipase. b. trypsin. c. pepsin. d. amylase. | D amylase |
| The wave-like ripple of the muscle layer of the GI tract is called | peristalsis |
| Stimulation of gastric juice secretion occurs in all of the following phases except the _____ phase. a cephalic b digestive c gastric d intestinal | B digestive |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is: | secretin |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: | small intestine |
| The enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of: | protein |
| Which of the following is a disaccharide? a Glucose b Starch c Sucrose d Glycogen | C. sucrose |
| The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is: a enterogastrone. b insulin. c gastrin. d cholecystokinin. | D cholecystokinin |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | deglutition |
| Bicarbonates are useful in the GI tract to: | neutralize hydrochloric acid |
| The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are: | glycerol and fatty acids |
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