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Physiology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is hyperpolarization? | A brief period after the membrane potential returns to its resting potential, where too much K+ rushes out of cell. |
| What is saltatory conduction? | The action potential seems to "leap" from node to node along the myelinated fiber. |
| Electrical Synapses | Involve gap junctions that allow action potentials to move from cell to cell directly by allowing current to flow between cells. |
| Chemical Synapses | Involve transmitter chemicals (neurotransmitters) that signal postsynaptic cells, possibly inducing an action potential. |
| Autonomic nervous system | Subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effectors --we often think of this system as our subconscious regulation of body functions. |
| Adrenergic fibers | Release norepinephrine |
| Cholinergic fibers | Release acetylcholine |
| Major function of the sympathetic division | Serves as the "emergency system" --when we perceive that the homostasis of the body might be threatened. Skeletal muscles are faster, stronger heartbeat, dilated blood vessels, dilated bronchi, the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. |
| What is an eicosanoid? | A group of lipid molecules that do not meet the normal definition of hormone. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. They are known as tissue hormones because they only go a short distance and activate cells within the same tissue. |
| The four tropic hormones. | 1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 4. Luteninizing hormone (LH) |
| What is Calcitonin (CT)? | Produced by the parafollicular cells, called C cells. CT helps move calcium into the bone cells. |
| What is Heparin? | A natural constituent of blood, it was first found in the liver giving it its name. Injections of heparin are used to prevent clots from forming in the vessels. Warfarin from Heparin impair's the liver's ability to use vitamin K and slows coagulation. |
| What is S1 (The First Heart Sound)? | Caused by the contraction (systole) of the ventricles and also by vibrations of the closing AV or cuspid valves. Longer and lower than then S2. |
| What is S2 (The Second Heart Sound)? | Caused by the vibrations and closing of the Semilunar valves (SL) while the ventricles relax into diastole. |
| Inotropic factors that affect Stroke Volume. | Factors that affect the strength of myocardial contraction include mechanical, neural and chemical. |
| Frank-Starling mechanism/Starling's law of the heart | Within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers at the beginning of contraction, the stronger is their contraction. |
| What is cardiac afterload? | The pumping work that the heart must do to push blood into the arteries. The harder it is to push blood out of the ventricles, the lower the SV will be. |
| Lines of defense in the body | 1st: Mechanical/Chemical barriers --skin and mucus and sebum. 2nd: Inflammation response/Phagocytosis --histamines/Kinins/Prostaglandins/interleukins to stimulate chemotaxis of WBC 3rd: Specific immune response/Natural killer cells |
| Natural killer (NK) cells | A group of lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses, they are produced in the red bone marrow. |
| Antigen-presenting cells (APC) | Macrophages, Dendritic cells and B cells. Present fragments of proteins that they've brought in from outside of the cell --and alert the immune system to the presence of invaders and trigger the adaptive immune response. |
| B cells (B lymphocytes) | Do not attack pathogens themselves but instead produce molecules called antibodies that attack the pathogens or direct other cells, such as phagocytes to attack them. Often called antibody-mediated immunity. |
| Tidal Volume (TV) | The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration. Normal range 500 mL. |
| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | The largest additional volume of air that one can forcibly expire after expiring tidal air. Normal range 1000-1200 mL. |
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | The amount of air that can be forcibly inspired over and above the normal inspiration. Normal range 3300 mL. |
| Residual volume (RV) | The amount of air that cannot be forcibly expired. Normal ~1200 mL. |
| Vital Capacity (VC) | IRV + TV + ERV |
| Peristalsis is regulated by the intrinsic stretch reflexes and is thought to be stimulated by what hormone secreted by the endocrine cells of the instestinal mucosa when chyme is present? | Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| What are the main Proteases? | Pepsin --gastric juice Trypsin/Chymotrypsin --pancreatic juice Peptidases --intestinal brush border |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed to disaccharides by enzymes known as _______, found in the saliva and pancreatic juice. | Amylases (The salivary amylase is sometimes known as ptyalin) |
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