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Jocelyn David
Final Physiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Membrane potential | slight excess of positively charged ions on the outside of the membrane and slight deficiency of positively charged ions on the inside of the membrane |
| Two protective coverings | Outer covering bone; cranial bones encase the brain, and vertebrae encase the spinal cord Inner covering is the meninges; the meninges of the cord continue inside the spinal cavity beyond the end of the spinal cord Meninges - dura, falx, tentorium |
| Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord | Eight cervical nerve pairs (C1 through C8) Twelve thoracic nerve pairs (T1 through T12) Five lumbar nerve pairs (L1 through L5) Five sacral nerve pairs (S1 through S5) One coccygeal nerve pair |
| Structure of the sympathetic pathways | chain ganglia (trunk) Thoracolumbar division Preganglionic fiber may take one of three paths once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion Sympathetic postganglionic neurons |
| Nociceptor | describes the free nerve endings that serve as the primary sensory receptors for pain |
| Olfaction | our sense of smell, which detects the presence of chemicals called odorants |
| Classification by general function of hormones | Tropic hormones—hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion Sex hormones—hormones that target reproductive tissues Anabolic hormones—hormones that stimulate anabolism in target cells |
| Five functional types of secretory cells exist | Somatotrophs—secrete GH Corticotrophs—secrete ACTH Thyrotrophs—secrete TSH Lactotrophs—secrete prolactin (PRL) Gonadotrophs—secrete LH and FSH |
| blood composition | blood tissue plasma formed elements - rbc, wbc, thrombocyte (platelet) Hematopoiesis Blood volume - varies but about 5 liters Hematocrit (hct) |
| Lymphatic system | component of the circulatory system; made up of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and isolated structures containing lymphoid tissue: lymph nodes, aggregated lymphoid nodules, tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow |
| Identification of cells and other particles in immune system | Markers, or antigens, are unique molecules recognized by the immune system Self markers - molecules on surface of cells, unique Nonself markers - molecules on surface of weird cells, find bad ones Self-tolerance - attack bad cells but not good ones |
| Classes of antibodies—immunoglobulins M, G, A, E, and D | IgM- inserted into plasma membrane IgG - makes up 75% IgA - mucous membranes IgE - small amount harmful like allergies IgD - small amount in blood |
| Tidal volume (TV) | amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration |
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