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Human Physiology
Key review flashcards from Weeks 7–13 for Human Physiology, covering nervous, en
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ligand-Gated Ion Channel | A membrane protein that opens when a specific chemical (ligand) binds, allowing ions to move across the cell membrane. |
| Somatic Nervous System | The division of the nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles. |
| Pituitary Gland | Known as the “master gland” because it releases hormones (like GH, TSH, ACTH) that control other endocrine glands. |
| What happens when a ligand binds to a ligand-gated ion channel? | The channel opens and allows specific ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻) to enter or leave the cell, triggering an electrical response. |
| Pulmonary Circulation | The movement of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium as oxygenated blood. |
| What is the major difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems? | The somatic system controls voluntary actions; the autonomic system controls involuntary functions (heart rate, breathing, digestion). |
| Which two divisions make up the autonomic nervous system? | Sympathetic (“fight or flight”) and parasympathetic (“rest and digest”). |
| Chylomicrons | Definition: Lipid transport particles that carry absorbed fats from the small intestine into the lymphatic system. |
| Which gland produces insulin and glucagon? | The pancreas. |
| What are the two main circulations in the body? | Pulmonary circulation (heart → lungs → heart) and systemic circulation (heart → body → heart). |
| What is lymph? | A clear fluid that contains white blood cells and helps transport immune cells and remove waste. |
| What is the function of lymph nodes? | They filter lymph and trap pathogens, helping the immune system respond to infections. |
| How does lung volume increase during inhalation? | The diaphragm contracts and moves downward while the rib cage expands, increasing thoracic volume and pulling air into the lungs. |
| What is the role of bile in fat digestion? | Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them into smaller droplets for easier digestion by lipase. |
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