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Class 9/29
Hearing Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an ipsilateral pathway? | When a signal comes from one side of the inner ear and stays on that side of the ear |
| What is a contralateral pathway? | When a signal switches sides (from the left inner ear to the right superior olivary complex or vise versa) |
| What did Borg et al. 1982 do? | observed 11 normal hearing employees at a shipbuilding year for 7 hours with one ear exposed and the other protected. The stapedius reflex was measured before and after noise exposure |
| What were the results of Borg et al.'s study in 1982? | The stapedius reflex was still function in response to the highest level sound in the shipyard after 7 hours |
| What did Borg et al 1983 do? | they used rabbits, one ear with and one without functioning middle ear muscles, exposing them to industrial noises |
| What were the results of Borg et al.'s study in 1983? | the bunny's ear without functioning middle ear muscles had more damage than the ear with functional middle ear muscles |
| What does Borg et al.'s studies support? | the fact that the stapedius reflex is a form of hearing protection |
| What is the role of the tensor tympani? | it helps stiffen the ear drum |
| What happens to the stapedius reflex during exercise? | the reflex is depressed, which increases the risk of a temporary threshold shift (temporary hearing loss) |
| What did Colletti et al. 1991 do? | studied 10 moral hearing males (27-34 years), measuring their stapedius reflex before, during, and after submaximal exercise (10 min on ergometer cycle, 50% work capacity( |
| What causes the stapedius reflex to kick in? | loud sounds, usually low frequency, yourself talking or singing |
| What is the apex of the cochlea? | the very top of the cochlea |
| What is the base of the cochlea? | the bottom of the cochlea |
| What is the path of the basilar membrane? | it starts at the base of the cochlea, very thin, then travels up the spirals and gets thicker as it goes |
| What level frequencies are analyzed by the base of the cochlea/basilar membrane? | high frequencies |
| What level frequencies are analyzed by the apex of the cochlea/basilar membrane? | low frequencies |
| Where are the outer and inner hair cells located? | on the basilar membrane |
| Where is the ear drum in the middle ear? | the lateral wall |
| What is the format of the cochlea? | three compartments |
| What is the middle of the cochlea called? | the modiolus |
| What is the top compartment of the cochlea? | the scala vestibuli |
| Where can you find the scala vestibuli from the middle ear? | by pulling back the stapes footplate and going through the oval window. |
| Where can you find the scala tympani from the middle ear? | through the round window |
| What is the roof of the scala tympani and the floor of the scala media? | the basilar membrane |
| What does Reisner's membrane separates? | the scala vestibuli and the scala media |
| What happens when you get to the top of the cochlea through the scala vestibuli? | You meet the scala tympani, go all the way back down, and get to the round window |
| What is the order of the compartment sink the cochlea from top to bottom? | the scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani |
| What are spiral Ganglion? | the cell bodies of the nerve cells |
| Where do nerve cells start? | at the inner and outer hair cells |
| Where do nerve cells go after starting at the hair cells? | through the habenula perforata |
| What is the habenula perforata? | a bunch of holes in the osseous spiral lamina |
| What is the osseous spiral lamina? | a handrail on the spiral of the cochlea that contains the habenula perforata (holes) |
| What comes out of the habenula perforata on the osseous spiral lamina? | eighth nerve fibers |
| What is the arrangement of inner and outer hair cells on the basilar membrane? | One row of inner hair cells on the medial side, followed by three rows of outer hair cells on the lateral side |
| What speech sounds are analyzed at the base of the cochlea? | vowels |
| What speech sounds are analyzed at the apex of the cochlea? | voiceless fricatives |
| What does mass amounts of aspirin do to the ear? | hurt the function of the ear |
| What is on top of the outer hair cells? | stereocilia |
| What does the Reticular lamina do? | covers the tops of the inner and outer hair cells |
| What does the tectorial membrane do? | cover the stereocilia of the outer hair cells |
| What is the reticular lamina made of? | a thin layer of connective tissue |
| What is the shape of the inner hair cells? | flask/pear |
| What is the shape of the outer hair cells? | cylindrical |
| What side of the basilar membrane are the inner hair cells on? | the medial side |
| What side of the basilar membrane are the outer hair cells on? | the lateral side |
| Approximately how many inner hair cells are there? | 3,500 |
| Approximately how many outer hair cells are there? | 12,000 |
| How many rows of inner hair cells are there? | a single row |
| How many rows of outer hair cells are there? | three rows |
| How are the stereocilia attached on the outer hair cells? | under the tectorial membrane |
| How are the stereocilia attached on inner hair cells? | not attached to the tectorial membrane |
| What is the shape of the stereocilia on the inner hair cells? | crescent shaped |
| What is the shape of the stereocilia on the outer hair cells? | a W or V shaped |
| Where is the nucleus of the inner hair cells? | centralized in the cell |
| Where is the nucleus of the outer hair cells? | in the base of the cell |
| Where are the organelles in the inner hair cells? | distributed throughout the body |
| Where are the organelles in the outer hair cells? | along the outer walls |
| How many afferent neurons connect to inner hair cells? | 95% |
| How many afferent neurons connct to outer hair cells? | 5% |
| How do afferent neurons connect to inner hair cells? | multiple afferent neurons connect to each cell |
| How do afferent neurons connect to outer hair cells? | each afferent neuron connect to multiple cells |
| How do inner hair cells connect to afferent neurons? | they synapse with the cell body (IHC) |
| How do inner hair cells connect to efferent neurons? | they synapse with the afferent neurons connected to the cells |
| How do inner hair cells move? | they have no motility |
| How do efferent and afferent neurons connect to outer hair cells? | synapse directly to the cell body (OHC) |
| How do outer hair cells move? | they stretch and strink |
| What is outer hair cells movement called? | Outer hair cells motility |
| What are type one fibers? | associated with inner hair cells |
| What are type two fibers? | associated with outer hair cells |
| What makes the outer hair cells move? | efferent nerves stimulation |
| What are the types of motion/energy in the cochlea? | mechanical, hydraulic, and chemo-electrical |
| What type of motion is mechanical? | vibratory |
| What type of motion is hydraulic? | wave |
| What type of energy is chemo-electrical? | nerve |
| How does the basilar membrane move? | in a wave like motion |
| What are the anatomical components of the inner ear? | the three semi-circular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea |
| What does the semicircular canal do? | senses movement of the head, both speed and direction |
| What does the vestibule contain? | the saccule and utricle |
| Which part of the vestibule is superior? | the utricle |
| What is the function of the utricle and saccule of the vestibule?? | detect the orientation of the head (tipped up, down, or one side) |
| What is the cochlea? | a closed, labyrinthine capsule filled with fluid |
Created by:
hrshook0104
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