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Organelles

NAQT

QuestionAnswer
What is the etymological origin of the word “organelle”? From the Latin for “little organ.”
What is the function of organelles? They are organized structures within cells that allow the cell to survive.
What is the nickname for the nucleus? The “command central” of the cell.
What does the nucleus contain? Almost all of the cell’s DNA.
What information does the DNA in the nucleus encode? The information needed to make all the proteins that the cell uses.
What is chromatin? The form in which DNA appears through most of the cell cycle.
When does chromatin condense? To form chromosomes when the cell is undergoing mitosis.
What are nucleoli? Dense bodies within the nucleus.
What do nucleoli contain? Ribosomal RNA.
What is the selectively-permeable membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotes? The nuclear envelope.
What is the function of ribosomes? To coordinate protein synthesis, or translation.
What are ribosomes made of? Several RNA and protein molecules arranged into two subunits.
What do ribosomes read? The messenger RNA copy of the DNA.
What do ribosomes assemble to create protein chains? Appropriate amino acids.
What is the nickname for mitochondria? The powerhouses of the cell.
What kind of membrane do mitochondria have? A double-membrane.
What processes occur in the mitochondria? Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.
What form of energy do mitochondria produce for the cell? ATP.
What are the folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called? Cristae.
What fluid are the cristae suspended in? The matrix.
What does the mitochondrial matrix contain? DNA and ribosomes.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? A network of tube-like membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope.
What makes some parts of the ER “rough”? They are covered in ribosomes.
What makes some parts of the ER “smooth”? They aren’t covered in ribosomes.
What happens to proteins in the ER? They undergo modifications and folding to yield final, functional structures.
What is the nickname for the Golgi apparatus? The “post office of the cell.”
What is the Golgi apparatus made of? A stack of flattened, folded membranes.
What happens to proteins in the Golgi apparatus? They are stored, chemically modified, “addressed” with carbohydrate tags, and packaged for delivery.
What are proteins packaged in for delivery from the Golgi apparatus? Vesicles.
What are lysosomes? Membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes.
What can the enzymes in lysosomes break down? Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Why is it crucial to maintain the integrity of the lysosomal membranes? The enzymes they contain can digest cellular components.
Where are chloroplasts found? Only in plants and certain protists.
What green pigment do chloroplasts contain? Chlorophyll.
What process is the site of photosynthesis? Chloroplasts.
What kind of membrane do chloroplasts have? A double-membrane.
What do chloroplasts contain in their stroma? Their own DNA and ribosomes.
What are grana? Stacks of single membrane structures within chloroplasts.
What are thylakoids? The single membrane structures that form grana.
Where do the reactions of photosynthesis occur? On the thylakoids.
Where are vacuoles mainly found? In plants and protists.
What are vacuoles? Liquid-filled cavities enclosed by a single membrane.
What is the function of vacuoles? To serve as storage bins for food and waste products.
What is the function of contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists? To rid their cells of excess water.
What are cilia and flagella? Organelles of motility.
What is the difference between flagella and cilia? Flagella are long and whip-like, while cilia are short and hair-like.
What is the arrangement of microtubules in both cilia and flagella? A 9 + 2 arrangement.
What powers cilia and flagella? Molecular motors of kinesin and dynein molecules.
Where are centrioles found? Not in plant cells.
What are centrioles? Paired organelles with nine sets of microtubule triplets in cross section.
What do centrioles organize during mitosis? The microtubule spindle needed to move the chromosomes.
Created by: sunfi
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